1、Designation: D2983 09Standard Test Method forLow-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured byBrookfield Viscometer1, 2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the
3、use of Brookfield viscom-eters of appropriate torque for the determination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of lubricants. The test is applied over theviscosity range of 500 to 900 000 mPas within a low tempera-ture range appropriate to the capacity of the viscometer head.31.2 The range of viscosity
4、used to generate the precisiondata for this test method was from 1000 to 900 000 mPas.Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specifi-cally targeted hydraulic fluid ranging from 500 to 1700 mPas.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measureme
5、nt are included in thisstandard.1.3.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second(mPas), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPas).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard t
6、o establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for LiquidPetroleum ProductsD5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate,Vis
7、cosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating OilsUsing a Temperature-Scanning TechniqueE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers2.2 European Procedure:5CEC L18-A-803. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 apparent viscositydynamic viscosity determined bythi
8、s test method. Apparent viscosity may vary with the spindlespeed (shear rate) of the Brookfield viscometer if the lubricantis non-Newtonian. See Appendix X1 for a brief explanation.3.1.2 reference viscosityviscosity of a Newtonian stan-dard reference fluid specified at each of several user-specified
9、temperatures. Reference viscosities of typical standard refer-ence fluids are listed in Appendix X2.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An oleaginous fluid sample is preheated, allowed tostabilize at room temperature, and then poured to a predeter-mined depth into a glass cell and an insulated or uninsulat
10、edspindle inserted through a special stopper and suspended by aclip. The contained sample is cooled to a predeterminedtemperature for 16 h and analyzed by a Brookfield viscometerand, depending on the viscometer model used, the viscosity ofthe test fluid is read directly from the viscometer or theres
11、ultant torque reading is used to calculate the viscosity of theoil at the temperature chosen.5. Significance and Use5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of auto-matic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids,and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Annex A4)are
12、 of considerable importance to the proper operation of manymechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric proper-ties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used tospecify their acceptance for service. This test method is used ina number of specifications.1This test method is unde
13、r the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D298304a. DOI:1
14、0.1520/D2983-09.2Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of Brookfield Engineer-ing Laboratories, Inc., 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346,.3Selby, T. W., “Automatic Transmission Fluid Viscosity at Low-Temperaturesand Its Effect on Transmission Performance,” Transactions, Society
15、of Automo-tive Engineers, Vol. 68, 1960, pp. 457-465.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5Availab
16、le from The Coordinating European Council for the Development ofPerformance Tests for Fuels, Lubricants and Other Fluids, Madou Plaza, 25th floor,Place Madou 1, B 1210, Brussels, Belgium,www.cectests.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
17、959, United States.5.2 This test method describes how to measure apparentviscosity directly without the errors associated with earliertechniques using extrapolation of experimental viscometricdata obtained at higher temperatures.NOTE 1Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpo-latio
18、n or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by gelationand other forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.Only in the case of known Newtonian oils at the temperature desired isinterpolation acceptable for the purpose of calibrating the spindle andglass cell (see Ann
19、ex A1).6. Apparatus6.1 Brookfield Viscometer2,6Analog Model LVT or morerecent digital models (for example, LVDV-II+) are required. Itis necessary that the viscometer is in good working order priorto operation and that the viscometer head and spindle iscalibrated periodically with a reference fluid.6
20、.2 Viscometer Spindle2,6Non-insulated Brookfield Vis-cometer No. 4 steel spindles (used in air bath), insulated No.4B2 spindles (air or liquid baths), or Tannas No. 4 glass orcarbon composition spindles (air or liquid baths) may be used(see Fig. 1a, b, c, and d, respectively).NOTE 2All spindles shou
21、ld be calibrated periodically (see Note 4, 7.1,and Annex A3).NOTE 3Use of non-insulated steel spindles can result in low results inliquid baths, particularly at lower temperatures and higher viscositiesbecause of metal heat transfer. It is recommended to use partially or fullyinsulated spindles such
22、 as shown in Fig. 1b, c, and d.6.2.1 When using No. 4B2 spindles (see Fig. 1b), ensurethat both steel ends are firmly embedded in the insulatingsection between them (see Fig. 1b). A slight twist given to thetwo metal sections on either side of the insulating cylindershould not be able to detect move
23、ment.6.2.2 Periodically (depending on use, but at least every3 months) inspect spindles for run-out (wobble) when attachedto the Brookfield viscometer. The total run-out of the spindleshall not exceed 1 mm unless the spindle is recalibrated inwhich case run-out may be considered corrected (see examp
24、lein Table A3.1).NOTE 4It is good laboratory practice to store spindles in a protectivemanner. Do not leave composite spindles for extended periods in cleaningsolvent.6.3 Test StatorA glass tube of sufficient diameter to haveessentially no influence on the rotation of the spindle comparedto the visc
25、ous drag of the test fluid even at viscosities above100 000 mPas.6.3.1 Test Tube Stator(See Fig. 2.) A commercially stan-dard test tube of approximately 25 mm ID and 115 mm inlength.6.3.2 SimAir Stator7(See Fig. 2.) The stator portion of aspecial air sealed cell made for this ASTM Method.NOTE 5This
26、patented cell7(which also includes a composite rotor,keyed connecting device for quick spindle engagement, and cell stopper)6If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of
27、 the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.7SimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI48642,.FIG. 1 Diagram of Four Forms of Spindles Used in this TestMethodNOTESimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd.,Midland,MI 48642, .FIG. 2 Diagram o
28、f Two Forms of StatorsD2983 092simulates the air-bath cooling rate when inserted into a constant tempera-ture liquid bath (see 8.6). The keyed connector is not essential to the testbut makes spindle attachment faster with fewer disturbances of thesample.6.4 Cell Stopper(See Fig. 3).An insulating cap
29、 that fits onand into the test cell with a centered hole large enough for thespindle to turn with sufficient clearance to avoid contact withthe walls of the centered hole and of a height above the cell thatallows a spindle clip to hold the spindle at the proper height inthe test fluid during cooling
30、.6.5 Spindle Clip6,8(See Fig. 3.) A clip or spacer that lieson top of the cell stopper or is affixed to the spindle andsupports the spindle at proper immersion depth during cool-down.6.6 Insulated Cell Carrier(Fig. 4.) A balsa wood carrierblock used only with cold-air cabinets that keeps the test ce
31、llcold during transfer of the test cell from the cold air cabinet tothe viscometer and subsequent analysis. Opposing plasticwindows in the carrier side walls permit adjustment of thespindle immersion indicator for testing (see 8.5.3.8).6.6.1 When a refrigerated liquid bath is used for finalsample so
32、ak for the last half hour at analysis temperature (see8.8), the balsa block is also used for sample transfer to theliquid bath and immediately returned to the cold cabinet.6.7 Cold-Air CabinetsMechanically refrigerated cabinetswith an air-circulation device and a turntable and rack forsamples. The c
33、old cabinet shall be capable of cooling thesample to any chosen test temperature from +5 to 40C andholding that temperature within 60.3C. Air circulation andthe sample turntable shall be able to be switched off prior tofully opening the bath top.NOTE 6Liquid baths are available that can cool at the
34、proper rate andmaintain the selected test temperature within 0.1C of the set point for the16-h soak period portion of the test. Details on liquid baths can be foundin the manufacturers manual.6.7.1 TurntableThis motor-driven device is used only inthe cold-air cabinets. A cell rack holding the test c
35、ells is set ontop of the turntable.NOTE 7To minimize disturbance and loss of cold air, it is recom-mended that the cabinet has an inner cover with hand-holes for sampleinsertion in the balsa carrier and removal of the carrier to the point ofanalysis.6.8 Liquid BathsMechanically refrigerated liquid b
36、athsare used in three significantly different protocols to gain thesame analytical results (see 8.5, 8.6, and 8.7 for details). Theprogrammable liquid bath methods precision is in questionand currently being investigated by Subcommittee D02.07.NOTE 8The main advantage of a liquid bath in comparison
37、to acold-air cabinet is more precise temperature control, longer permissibletime to take a reading, and thus more precise apparent viscosity measure-mentNOTE 9The turntable should rotate at a speed of 3 to 5 r/min. Thisitem is often supplied with the cold air cabinet.6.8.1 Constant Temperature Liqui
38、d BathsBaths used toeither condition the sample at the chosen final temperature aftercooling in an air cabinet for 15.5 h to that temperature (see 8.5)or used to receive SimAir test cells7at any time for analysis16 h after the individual test sample is immersed in the bath(see 8.7). The liquid bath
39、is set at the final temperature andshall be capable of holding the sample at 60.1C.NOTE 10The SimAir cell7simulates the cooling curve of the aircabinet (see Annex A2). Samples may be inserted in the bath at any time8The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Law
40、ler Manufacturing Corporation, 7 Kilmer Court, Edison, NJ 08817,.FIG. 3 Cell Stopper, Removable and AffixedFIG. 4 Balsa Wood Test Cell CarrierD2983 093since the bath temperature remains constant.6.8.2 Programmed Liquid Baths for Cold-Air Cabinet Cool-ing SimulationBaths capable of closely following
41、the samplecooling in the cold-air bath as outlined in Annex A2. Program-mable liquid bath methods precision is currently in questionand being investigated by Subcommittee D02.07.6.9 Temperature Indicating Devices:6.9.1 For cold-air cabinets or liquid baths, use certified orotherwise calibrated therm
42、ometric analog or digital devicesthat cover the range from +5 to 40C with 0.1C (or finer)increments.6.9.2 For the cold-air cabinets, it is recommended to use IPBrookfield Viscometer Calibrating Thermometers shown inTable 1 or their ASTM liquid-column counterparts.6.10 Test Cell6,8A glass test tube 2
43、2 to 22.5 mm in insidediameter and 115 6 5 mm in overall length.6.11 Blank SampleAfluid that is close in viscous behaviorand response to temperature to those samples being tested. It isused for the purpose of monitoring the temperature experi-enced by the sample in the cold-air cabinet by inserting
44、athermometric device. The viscosity is used for temperatureadjustments, only to know if a shift has occurred due toopening and closing of the air bath lid.NOTE 11This technique is desirable for assurance of proper analysistemperature in cold-air cabinets but is sometimes practiced in liquid bathsas
45、well as an additional assurance of proper temperature control of the testsamples.7. Use of Reference Fluids7.1 This test method uses metal or composite viscometerspindles (see Fig. 1) whose viscosity-measuring surface incontact with the test fluid is a cylinder of 3.17 6 0.03 mmdiameter and 38.0 6 0
46、.1 mm long (equivalent to Brookfield #4spindle). For viscometer heads on which a scale shall be read,these spindles have a table of associated generic conversionfactors to permit relatively rapid calculation of the viscosity ofan unknown sample, newer digital viscometers will directlyshow viscosity
47、and percent full-scale torque using thesefactors. The generic conversion factors for all spindles areshown in Column 2 of Table 2.7.2 Calibration of Spindles(See Annex A3 and AnnexA4.) For potentially increased accuracy, spindles may becalibrated.7.2.1 Use of standard reference fluids and technique
48、forcalibration is detailed in Annex A3 and Annex A4. Thisprotocol was developed to provide, if desired, an option formore precise determination of the apparent viscosity measure-ments.NOTE 12Although the generic factors of Table 2 provide acceptableresults, somewhat greater precision may be generate
49、d by this test methodby calibrating spindles, particularly after some period of use during whichthe spindle may have developed run-out greater than permissible (see6.2.2). Calibration can permit such a spindle to be returned to service.Spindle calibration can also indicate problems with the viscometer thatrequire repair to restore accuracy (see Annex A3).NOTE 13When spindles are calibrated, it is desirable to mark eachspindle with some unique iden
