1、Designation: D2997 15 An American National StandardStandard Specification forCentrifugally Cast “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedThermosetting-Resin) Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2997; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers machine-made glass-fiber-reinforced thermoset
3、ting-resin pressure pipe manufactured bythe centrifugal casting process. Included are a classificationsystem and requirements for materials, mechanical properties,dimensions, performance, test methods, and marking.NOTE 1The term “fiberglass pipe” as described in Section 3 applies toboth reinforced t
4、hermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymermortar pipe (RPMP).NOTE 2Pipe covered by this specification has been found suitable forconveying gases, petroleum products, or corrosive fluids.NOTE 3For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not includenatural polymers.1.2 The values given
5、in parentheses are for informationonly.NOTE 4There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, Section 7, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with
6、 its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesD618 Practice for Conditionin
7、g Plastics for TestingD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic PipeUnder Constant Internal PressureD1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time HydraulicPressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and FittingsD1600 Terminology forAbbreviated Terms Relating to Pla
8、s-ticsD2105 Test Method for Longitudinal Tensile Properties of“Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and TubeD2143 Test Method for Cyclic Pressure Strength ofReinforced, Thermosetting Plastic PipeD2412 Test Method for Determination of External LoadingCharacteristics of Plasti
9、c Pipe by Parallel-Plate LoadingD2992 Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure De-sign Basis for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedThermosetting-Resin) Pipe and FittingsD3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe andFittingsF412
10、Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nologies D883 and F412 and abbreviations with TerminologyD1600, unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aggregate, na siliceous sand conform
11、ing to therequirements of Specification C33, except that the require-ments for gradation shall not apply.3.2.2 centrifugal casting, na manufacturing process usedto produce tubular goods by applying resin and reinforcementto the inside of a mold that is rotated and heated, subsequentlypolymerizing th
12、e resin system. The outside diameter (OD) ofthe finished pipe is fixed by the inside diameter (ID) of themold tube. The inside diameter of the pipe is determined by theamount of material introduced into the mold.3.2.3 fiberglass pipe, na tubular product containing glass-fiber reinforcements embedded
13、 in or surrounded by curedthermosetting resin; the composite structure may containaggregate, granular or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents,pigments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners orcoatings may be included.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlas
14、tics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallypapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D2997 01(2007)1.DOI: 10.1520/D2997-15.2For referen
15、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyrigh
16、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 liner, nthe inner portion of the wall at least 0.005 in.(0.13 mm) in thickness, as determined in 7.4 which does notcontribute to the strength in the determination of the hydro-static desig
17、n basis.3.2.5 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), na fiber-glass pipe with aggregate.3.2.6 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), nafi-berglass pipe without aggregate.3.2.7 reinforced wall thickness, nthe total wall thicknessminus the liner or exterior surface resin layer thickness, orboth.4
18、. Classification4.1 GeneralPipe meeting this specification is classified bytype, grade, class, and hydrostatic design basis, and by asecondary cell classification system that defines the basicmechanical properties of the pipe. These types, grades, classes,hydrostatic design basis categories, and cel
19、l classificationdesignations are as follows:4.1.1 Types:Type IICentrifugally cast pipe.4.1.2 Grades:Grade 1Glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy-resin pipe.Grade 2Glass-fiber-reinforced polyester-resin pipe.Grade 3Glass-fiber reinforced polydicyclopentadiene-resin pipe.Grade 8Glass-fiber-reinforced polyester
20、-resin mortarpipe.Grade 9Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin mortar pipe.4.1.3 Classes:Class ANo liner.Class BPolyester-resin liner, nonreinforced.Class CEpoxy-resin liner, nonreinforced.Class DPolydicyclopentadiene-resin liner, nonreinforced.NOTE 5For the purposes of this classification, polyester r
21、esin includesvinylester resins, but the purchaser should consult with the manufacturerto determine which resin is applicable for the specific conditions in whichthe pipe will be used.4.1.4 Hydrostatic Design BasisTwo methods of classify-ing the hydrostatic design basis of the pipe are provided. Pipe
22、meeting this specification shall be classified using either thecyclic test method or the static test method, or both, and thedesignations are shown in Table 1. Appendix X1 explains howto use the design basis categories shown in Table 1.4.1.5 Mechanical PropertiesTable 2 presents a cell clas-sificati
23、on system for identifying the mechanical properties ofpipe covered by this specification.NOTE 6All possible combinations covered by the preceding classifi-cation system may not be commercially available.4.1.6 Designation CodeThe pipe designation code shallconsist of the abbreviation RTRP or RPMP, fo
24、llowed by thetype and grade inArabic numerals, the class and static or cyclichydrostatic design basis level in capital letters, and fourArabicnumbers identifying, respectively, the cell classification desig-nations of the short-term rupture strength, longitudinal tensilestrength, tensile modulus, an
25、d pipe stiffness. Thus, a completepipe designation code shall consist of four letters, twonumerals, two letters, and four numerals.4.1.6.1 ExampleRTRP-21CA-1334. Such a designationwould describe a centrifugally cast, glass-fiber-reinforced,epoxy pipe having a nonreinforced epoxy liner; a long-termcy
26、clic pressure strength level exceeding 2500 psi (17.2 MPa);a short-term rupture strength exceeding 4000 psi (27.6 MPa); alongitudinal tensile strength exceeding 16 000 psi (110 MPa);a longitudinal tensile modulus exceeding 1.5 106psi (10 300MPa); and a pipe stiffness of 72 psi (496 kPa).NOTE 7Althou
27、gh the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manualrequires that the type classification be roman numerals, it is recognizedthat few companies have stencil-cutting equipment for this style of type,and it is therefore acceptable to mark the product type in arabic numbers.5. Materials5.1 GeneralThe resins
28、, reinforcements, colorants, fillers,and other materials, when combined as a composite structure,shall produce a pipe that shall be classified in accordance tothis specification based on performance.6. Requirements6.1 WorkmanshipThe pipe shall be free from all defects,including indentations, delamin
29、ations, bubbles, pinholes, for-eign inclusions, and resin-starved areas which, as a result oftheir nature, degree, or extent, detrimentally affect the strengthand serviceability of the pipe. The pipe shall be as uniform ascommercially practicable in color, opacity, density, and otherphysical propert
30、ies. The pipe shall be round and straight, andthe bore of the pipe shall be smooth and uniform.All pipe endsshall be cut at right angles to the axis of the pipe, and any sharpedges removed.6.2 Dimensions and Tolerances:6.2.1 Outside DiameterThe outside diameter and toler-ances of pipe meeting this s
31、pecification shall conform to therequirements in Table 3, when determined in accordance with7.4.6.2.2 Wall ThicknessThe minimum wall thickness of pipefurnished under this specification shall not at any point be lessthan 87.5 % of the nominal wall thickness published in themanufacturers literature, c
32、urrent at the time of purchase, whenmeasured in accordance with 7.4.6.2.3 Liner ThicknessExcept for ClassAunlined products,all other classes shall have a minimum liner thickness of 0.005in. (5 mil), when measured in accordance with 7.4.TABLE 1 Hydrostatic Design Basis CategoriesCyclic Test Method St
33、atic Test MethodDesignationHoop Stress,psi (MPa)DesignationHoop Stress,psi (MPa)A 2500 (17.2) Q 5000 (34.5)B 3150 (21.7) R 6300 (43.4)C 4000 (27.6) S 8000 (55.2)D 5000 (34.5) T 10 000 (68.9)E 6300 (43.4) U 12 500 (86.2)F 8000 (55.2) W 16 000 (110)G 10 000 (68.9) X 20 000 (138)H 12 500 (86.2) Y 25 00
34、0 (172)X 31 500 (217)D2997 1526.3 PerformancePipe meeting this specification shall becategorized by a long-term static or cyclic hydrostatic designbasis shown in Table 1, when tested in accordance with 7.5 and7.6. Additionally, the pipe shall meet the applicable cell limitrequirements for short-term
35、 rupture strength, longitudinal ten-sile strength, tensile modulus, and pipe stiffness described inTable 2, when tested in accordance with 7.7, 7.8, and 7.9.7. Test Methods7.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimens at 23 62C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 10 % relative humidity for notless than 48 h prior
36、 to test, in accordance with Procedure A ofPractice D618, for those tests where conditioning is required,and in all cases of disagreement.7.2 Test ConditionsConduct the tests in the StandardLaboratory Atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 610 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in t
37、he testspecification.7.3 SamplingSamples of pipe to determine conformanceof the material to be short-term rupture requirements shown inTable 2 shall be taken at random on a weekly basis or on eachproduction run, whichever is the most frequent. The rate ofsampling for the other tests listed shall be
38、in accordance withthe accepted statistical practice and as agreed upon between thepurchaser and the seller.NOTE 8For individual orders, only those additional tests and numberof tests specifically agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller needbe conducted.7.4 Dimensions and TolerancesDetermine
39、 in accordancewith Practice D3567.7.5 Long-Term Cyclic Pressure StrengthDetermine in ac-cordance with Procedure A of Practice D2992.7.6 Long-Term Static Pressure StrengthDetermine in ac-cordance with Procedure B of Practice D2992.7.7 Short-Term Rupture StrengthDetermine in accordancewith Test Method
40、 D1599.7.8 Longitudinal Tensile PropertiesDetermine in accor-dance with Test Method D2105.7.9 Pipe StiffnessDetermine in accordance with TestMethod D2412. The reported stiffness shall be based on 5 %deflection.8. Certification8.1 When agreed upon in writing by the purchaser and theseller, a certific
41、ation shall be made the basis of acceptance ofthe material. This shall consist of a copy of the manufacturerstest report or a statement by the seller accompanied by a copyof the test results, that the material has been sampled, tested,and inspected in accordance with the provisions of the speci-fica
42、tion. Each certification so furnished shall be signed by anauthorized agent of the seller or the manufacturer.8.2 When original identity cannot be established, certifica-tion can only be based on the sampling procedure provided bythe applicable specification.9. Marking9.1 Each piece shall be marked
43、at least once and at lengthsof at least every 15 ft. Each piece of pipe shall be marked withthe following information in such a manner that it remainslegible under normal handling and installation practices:9.1.1 Nominal pipe size (for example, 2 in.),9.1.2 Identification of fiberglass pipes in acco
44、rdance withthe designation code given in Section 5,9.1.3 This designation, D2997, with which the pipecomplies, and9.1.4 Manufacturers name (or trademark).TABLE 2 Physical Property RequirementsDesignationOrderNumberMechanical PropertyCell Limits0A1234561 Short time rupture strength hoop tensile stres
45、s, min, psi 4000 12 000 22 000 30 000 40 000 50 000(MPa) (27.6) (82.7) (152) (207) (276) (345)2 Longitudinal tensile strength, min, psi 2000 8000 16 000 22 000 30 000 40 000(MPa) (13.8) (55.2) (110) (152) (207) (276)3 Longitudinal tensile modulus, min, psi 106 0.6 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.0(MPa) (4100) (90
46、00) (10 300) (13 100) (17 200) (20 700)4 Pipe stiffness at 5 % deflection, psi 9 18 36 72 144 288(kPa) (62) (124) (248) (496) (993) (1986)A0 = Unspecified.TABLE 3 Outside Dimensions and TolerancesNominal PipeSize, in.in. (mm)1 1.315 0.009 (33.401 0.229)112 1.900 0.009 (48.260 0.229)2 2.375 0.012 (60
47、.325 0.305)212 2.875 0.012 (73.025 0.305)3 3.500 0.012 (88.900 0.305)4 4.500 0.015 (114.300 0.381)6 6.625 0.025 (168.275 0.635)8 8.625 0.025 (219.075 0.635)10 10.750 0.025 (273.050 0.635)12 12.750 0.025 (323.850 0.635)14 14.000 0.035 (355.600 0.889)D2997 153APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. HYDR
48、OSTATIC DESIGN BASIS, CATEGORIES, SERVICE FACTORS, AND PRESSURE RATINGSX1.1 Hydrostatic Design BasisX1.1.1 The hydrostatic design basis is the estimated long-term hydrostatic strength on which service factors (1.0 or less)are applied to obtain a hydrostatic design stress. The long-termhydrostatic st
49、rength is obtained by Practice D2992. In PracticeD2992, either Procedure A using data obtained in accordancewith Test Method D2143 or Procedure B using data obtained inaccordance with Test Method D1598 is used to determine thelong-term hydrostatic strength extrapolated at 50 years.X1.1.2 The long-term hydrostatic strength is the estimatedtensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the hoop orientation dueto internal hydrostatic pressure that will cause failure after 50years
