1、Designation: D3022 84 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Method forColor and Strength of Color Pigments by Use of a MiniatureSandmill1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3022; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination, through theuse of a miniature sandmill, of the color and
3、strength of drycolor pigments.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
4、this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C778 Specification for SandD235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petr
5、oleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D523 Test Method for Specular GlossD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesE97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band F
6、ilter Reflec-tometry3E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE System2.2 Federal Specification:4TT-R-266 Resin, Alkyd; Solutions2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Miniature sandmill53. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is a way of testing the color andstrength of pigments by use of a m
7、iniature sandmill. Itcorrelates well with industrial practice and is used for routinequality control.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, sensitive to 10 mg with a capacity in excess of300 g.4.2 Miniature SandmillA laboratory disperser equippedwith a 41-mm (158-in. ) diameter fiber rotary disk impellerrotating
8、at a constant 8000 r/min under varying load condi-tions. The shaft upon which the impeller is mounted shall besufficiently balanced so no whip of the shaft is observedbetween 0 and 10 000 r/min.4.3 Cylinder, 100-mL graduated.4.4 Beakers, 200-mL tall-form, stainless steel, or polyethyl-ene (approxima
9、tely 60-mm inside diameter).4.5 Strainers, paper cone, disposable, about 40 mesh.4.6 Fiber Disks, 41-mm (158-in.) diameter phenolic lami-nated, 6 mm (14 in.) thick.64.7 Paper Charts, smooth, surface-coated, the surface ofwhich should be impervious to paint liquids.74.8 Film Applicator, with an 200-m
10、 (8-mil) clearance atleast 75 mm (3 in.) wide.4.9 Color-Measuring Instruments, as defined in TestMethod E97 or Practice E308.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01
11、.26 on Optical Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D3022 84 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D3022-84R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
12、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4
13、,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.5Drawings are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order AdjunctADJD3022.6The sole source of supply of the disks known to the committee at this time isGardner/BYK-Gardner, Inc., Gardner Laboratory, 2435 L
14、inden Lane, Silver Spring,MD 20910. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-eration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.7The sole source of supply of
15、the white and black charts known to the committeeat this time is the Leneta Co., 15 Whitney Rd., Mahwah, NJ 07430. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsi
16、ble technical committee,1which you may attend.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Materials5.1 Samples of standard reference pigments as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the seller.5.2 Standard Sand8Regular 20 to 3
17、0-mesh (850 to 600-m) cement testing sand conforming to Specification C778.The sand shall be screened to remove all sub 30-mesh particles.Twenty to thirty-mesh glass beads may be used instead ofsand.95.3 Grinding VehicleA long oil alkyd10meeting U.S. Fed.Spec. TT-R-266 Type 1-A reduced to 47 % solid
18、s with mineralspirits conforming to Specification D235 (2 parts alkyd and 1part mineral spirits by weight).5.4 White Tinting PaintA flat white tinting paint compat-ible with the dispersion vehicle meeting the following require-ments.5.4.1 Gloss (60) less than 4, as determined by TestMethod D523.5.4.
19、2 Contrast Ratio (51-m (2-mil) dry film): 99.2 min.5.5 Drier BlendOne part 6 % manganese naphthenate, 2parts 6 % cobalt naphthenate, and 4 parts 24 % lead naphth-enate by weight.6. Hazards6.1 While operating the mill, keep hands well away from theshaft and disk and be sure that no article of clothin
20、g (forexample, necktie or long hair) will catch on moving parts. Thisprecaution applies to all cases where the mill is in operation.7. Procedure for Mass Color7.1 Weigh to the nearest 10 mg an appropriate amount ofpigment to be tested into a 200-mL tall-form beaker. (Theamount of pigment needed can
21、be calculated from the graphshown in Fig. 1 or obtained from the table on the graph.) To thepigment in the beaker carefully weigh in 55.00 6 0.01 g of the8The sole source of supply of the sand known to the committee at this time isAgsco Division, American Graded Sand Co., 189 E. 7th St., Patterson,
22、NJ 07524. Ifyou are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.9The sole source of supply of the glass beads known to the
23、committee at thistime is Quackenbusch Co., P. O. Box 607, Palatine, IL 60067. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you ma
24、y attend.10A long oil soya or safflower alkyd at 70 % solids with the followingcharacteristics: Nonvolatile 70 6 1 %, phthalic anhydride 23 % min, fatty acids 60to 65 %, dihydric alcohol 4 % max, acid number 5 to 10, specific gravity0.9500.970, Gardner color 10.FIG. 1 Oil Absorption Spatula Procedur
25、eD3022 84 (2011)2long oil alkyd grinding vehicle (Note 1). Then add 60 mL of 20to 30-mesh sand from a graduated cylinder and 1.00 6 0.01 gof the drier blend. Stir the sand, vehicle, and pigment with aspatula until the pigment is completely wetted.NOTE 1For routine control, grinding vehicle, drier bl
26、end, and whitetint paint can be placed in the type of dispensers used in stores to tintcustom colors. The following amounts are recommended: 2 fluid oz eachof vehicle and of white paint,13 oz of drier. The dispenser shall bereproducible to 2 parts per thousand when dispensing 1-oz charges.7.2 Carefu
27、lly clamp the beaker on the miniature sandmilland adjust the height of the disk so that it is between 20 and 25mm (34 and 1 in.) above the bottom of the beaker. Turn on themill and disperse for exactly 10 min, unless otherwise agreedupon, at a shaft speed of 8000 r/min, accurately timing thelength o
28、f dispersion with a stopwatch or other suitable timingdevice.NOTE 2For normal control procedure, a 10-min dispersion intervalwill be sufficient. For ultimate color development use the procedure inAnnex A1.7.3 Shut off the mill and raise the impeller until it is justclear of the liquid in the beaker
29、and turn the mill on again fora few seconds to remove excess mill base from the impeller.7.4 Remove the material from the mill and filter into asuitable container through a cone strainer or equivalent 40-mesh (420-m) disposable screen.7.5 Repeat the foregoing procedure with the standard refer-ence p
30、igment.7.6 Draw the test and standard dispersions down simultane-ously on a paper chart over a vacuum drawdown plate or othersuitable plane surface using the applicator bar specified in 4.8.Compare the color visually while still wet and then set aside ina dust-free area to dry. If desired, evaluate
31、the color differenceinstrumentally by Practice D2244. Report color difference inunits agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.8. Procedure for Tint Color8.1 From the receiving container used in 7.4, weigh 5.000 60.010 g of the strained mill base into a 200-mL beaker and add100.00 6 0.05 g o
32、f white tinting paint.8.2 Place the beaker on the mill (without sand) and mix at8000 r/min for 5 min.NOTE 3Some mill bases require vigorous agitation when beingdispersed into the paint. Normal agitation on a paint shaker is notsatisfactory.8.3 Repeat the above procedure with the standard referencema
33、terial and then proceed as directed in 7.6.8.4 To determine the relative tinting strength of the testmaterial as compared to the standard at the wavelength ofmaximum absorbance, or at a wavelength agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the seller, employ the following procedure.8.4.1 If the spectropho
34、tometric curves cross or otherwisedeviate from a relationship characteristic of effectively identi-cal materials, the method is inapplicable (that is, the method isnot applicable to metameric specimens).8.4.2 When spectrophotometers or abridged spectrophotom-eters are used as color-measuring instrum
35、ents, determine thelowest reflectance reading between 420 and 680 mm, or at theagreed upon band of wavelengths, and use it in the calculation.Read and record the reflectance to at least the nearest 0.001reflectance unit.8.4.3 With color-measuring instruments that employ broadwavelength filters, use
36、the lowest reflectance obtained, or thereflectance from the agreed upon filter, in the calculations.Read and record the reflectance to at least the nearest 0.001reflectance unit.NOTE 4The calculation is based on theory that, strictly interpreted,requires for the types of material being tested, use o
37、f a spectrophotometeror abridged spectrophotometer. However, many users of this test methodobtain satisfactory results using color-measuring instruments equippedwith broad wavelength filters.8.4.4 Calculate the tinting strength of color pigments asfollows:TS 5T1 2 R!2/2 R#u1 2 R!2/2 R#swhere:TS = ti
38、nting strength,R = measured reflectance and subscript “u” means reflec-tance of material under test (that is, unknown) and“s” means reflectance of standard reference material,andT = assigned TS of the standard reference material,frequently assigned at “100” so that TS is in percentof standard.9. Pre
39、cision9.1 On the basis of an interlaboratory study of this testmethod in which two operators in five laboratories tested fivepigments on each of two days, the precision was found to be asshown.9.2 Mass ColorThe within-laboratory standard deviationwas found to be 0.97 MacAdam color-difference units a
40、nd thebetween-laboratory standard deviation 1.14 units. Based onthese standard deviations the following criteria should be usedfor judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidencelevel:9.2.1 RepeatabilityTwo results obtained in the same labo-ratory should be considered suspect if they dif
41、fer by more than2.7 MacAdam units.9.2.2 ReproducibilityTwo results obtained by operators indifferent laboratories should be considered suspect if theydiffer by more than 3.2 MacAdam units.9.3 Tint StrengthThe within-laboratory standard deviationwas found to be 2.74 % and the between-laboratory stand
42、arddeviation 3.46 %. Based on these standard deviations, thefollowing criteria should be used for judging the acceptabilityof results at the 95 % confidence level.9.3.1 RepeatabilityTwo results obtained in the same labo-ratory should be considered suspect if they differ by more than7.7 %.9.3.2 Repro
43、ducibilityTwo results obtained by operators indifferent laboratories should be considered suspect if theydiffer by more than 9.7 %.10. Keywords10.1 color; miniature sandmill; strengthD3022 84 (2011)3ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM COLORA1.1 In some cases it may be desirable
44、to determine themaximum color obtainable by this procedure. In this caseSection 7 may be modified as follows:A1.1.1 Carefully determine the total weight of the disper-sion mixture and container. Place on the mill and disperse for10 min. After spinning the impeller free of excess material,reweigh the
45、 container and bring back to the original weightwith solvent. Carefully mix the added solvent back into thedispersion and extract2gofsandfree base, reduce with 50 g ofwhite paint, and prepare a drawdown. Repeat the precedingprocess at 10-min intervals until no further increase in tintstrength occurs
46、. Note the time at which maximum tintingstrength occurs and record for future reference.A1.1.2 Subsequent samples of this pigment can then be runfor the optimum length of dispersion time. However, solventlost during dispersing must be replaced periodically so thatviscosity variations will not affect
47、 the rate of dispersion.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringe
48、ment of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard o
49、r for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)
