1、Designation: D3053 10Standard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood or adequat
3、ely defined inother readily available sources are not included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines andAttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine AdsorptionNumberD1511 Test Method for Carbo
4、n BlackPellet Size Distri-butionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour Den-sityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Use
5、d inRubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling PackagedShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Ship-mentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMassStrengthD2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber (OAN)D2663 Test Methods for Carbon BlackDispersion inRubbe
6、rD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual PelletHardnessD3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber of Compressed Sample (COAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphologicalCharacterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-copyD5230
7、 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Indi-vidual Pellet HardnessD6086 Test Method for Carbon BlackVoid Volume (VV)D6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and ExternalSurface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible Car-bon Black Fugitive Emissions or Other Env
8、ironmentalParticulate, or Both3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black arefused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniformmorphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily compose
9、dof elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggre-gates of aciniform morphology which are composed ofspheroidal primary particles, uniformity of primary particlesizes within a given aggregate, and turbostratic layeringwithin the pri
10、mary particles.DISCUSSIONParticle size and aggregate size (number of particles peraggregate) are distributional properties and vary depending on thecarbon black grade. Transmission electron micrographs shown inAnnex A1 of Practice D6602 demonstrate that while particle andaggregate sizes vary greatly
11、 within a given grade of carbon black, theprimary particle size is essentially uniform within an individualaggregate.carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbonblack having an average nitrogen surface area in the range of21 to 69 m2/g.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blacks are produced by
12、the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is not1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on CarbonBlack and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2010. Pu
13、blished November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3053 08b. DOI:10.1520/D3053-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
14、refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.limited to the carcass portion of the tire. These grades are designatedwith an “N” first character and a second character
15、 of “4, 5, 6, or 7” inTable 1 of Classification D1765. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of carbon black produced bythe decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injectedinto a high-velocity stream of combustion gases undercontrolled conditions.carbo
16、n black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon bl
17、ack, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, car-cass grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforceme
18、nt.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement
19、.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of thecarbon black surface to interact physically or chemically, orboth, with rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selectedprimary properties on which producers center their manu-facturing process and user
20、s center their specification.DISCUSSIONTarget values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce.carbon black, thermal, na type of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in
21、 the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furnace carbon b
22、lackhaving an average nitrogen surface area of 70 m2/g orgreater.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is notlimited to the tread portion of the tire. These grades are designated withan “N” first character and a sec
23、ond character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1of Classification D1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for thosecarbon black properties that are not specifically targeted forcontrol in the manufacturing process and that are somewhatdependent upon the targeted properties.DISCUSSIONTypical
24、 values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce. These are consensus values based upon the range in valuessupplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in makingcomparisons between grades but they are not the se
25、t-point targets forthe process and may be expected to differ significantly betweenproducers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster of physically boundand entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal massof extensively coalesced particles; i
26、t is the smallest dispers-ible unit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carbonatoms within a carbon black particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped(paracrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon blackaggregate; it is separable from the aggregate only byfracturing.ca
27、rbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of thediameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate asmeasured by electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate massthat has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitatehandling a
28、nd processing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, treadgrade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Termi
29、nology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity anddeviation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon blackaggregate.carbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to thesum of individual particle diameters, each raised to thefourth power, d
30、ivided by the sum of the individual particlediameters, raised to the third pressed oil absorption number (COAN), nSee oilabsorption number of compressed sample, the preferredterm.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillersprimary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon black) into a com-pound.
31、See also macro-dispersion, micro-dispersion, andvisual dispersion.fines, nthat portion of pelleted carbon black that passesthrough a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1508.D3053 102heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black isheated at 125C for 1 h; th
32、e heating loss is primarilyattributed to moisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D1509.individual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fractureor crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D3313 and D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iodineadsorbed per kilogra
33、m of carbon black under specifiedconditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na quantity of carbon black that is essentially uniform incomposition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to representa lot for testing purposes and taken in accordance withPractice D179
34、9 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to a light microscope, profilo-meter, or interferometric microscope, generally on a scale ofless than 100 m but greater than 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee
35、 Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon blackpellets to pack together and to influence flow in a bulkhandling system.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique compo-sition and characteristics.moisture content, nthe percentage,
36、by mass, of waterabsorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIONSee heating loss.micro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of a fillers pri-mary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to an electron mi
37、croscope orscanning probe microscope, generally on a scale of less than2 m.nitrogen surface area (NSA), nthe total surface area ofcarbon black that is calculated from nitrogen adsorption datausing the B.E.T. theory.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D6556.oil absorption number (OAN), nthe number of cubiccent
38、imetres of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or paraffin oil ab-sorbed by 100 g of carbon black under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe OAN value is proportional to the degree ofaggregation of structure level of the carbon black. See Test MethodsD2414 and D3493.oil absorption number of compressed sample (COA
39、N),nthe number of cubic centimetres of dibutyl phthalate(DBP) or paraffin oil absorbed by 100 g of carbon black afterbeing compressed four times in a compression cylinder at165 MPa (24 000 psi) under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe COAN value gives some measure of the stability ofthe structure of
40、 the carbon black. See Test Methods D2414 and D3493.oil furnace process, na process for producing furnacecarbon blacks that uses oil as the source of hydrocarbons fordecomposition by injection into a high-velocity stream ofcombustion gases.DISCUSSIONOil or natural gas are typically used as combustio
41、n fuelto create the high-velocity stream of combustion gases, although otherfuels may be used.pellet size distribution, nthe percentage, by mass, of carbonblack retained on each of a specified series of sieve screensarranged with progressively smaller openings.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.pour de
42、nsity, nthe mass per unit volume of pelleted carbonblack.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1513.sample, na portion of carbon black selected for use inobtaining a test result.sieve residue, nthe material collected and quantified afterwater washing carbon black through a wire mesh screen ofspecified size, ty
43、pically No. 325 with 45 m openings,followed by wet and dry rubbing of the residual material.DISCUSSIONThe residue may include one or more of the following:catalyst fines, refractory, metallic materials, cokes and hard carbonblack fragments. See Test Method D1514.statistical thickness surface area (S
44、TSA), nthe externalsurface area of carbon black that is calculated from nitrogenadsorption data using the de Boer theory and a carbon blackmodel.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D6556.tint strength, nthe ratio, expressed as tint units, of thereflectance of a standard paste to a sample paste, bothprepared a
45、nd tested under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3265.toluene discoloration, nthe transmittance, at 425 nm, of thefiltrate obtained from the toluene extract of carbon black,compared with that of pure toluene.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1618.vacuum, npressure below atmospheric pressure.
46、visual dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of afillers primary unit into a compound that can be assessedwith the unaided human eye, typically on a scale greater than100 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.void volume, nmeasure of the occluded pore volume withinthe primary structure of carbon
47、black, characterized by theirregularity and non-sphericity of carbon black aggregates,D3053 103and expressed as the difference between a samples com-pressed or apparent volume at a specified pressure andcarbon blacks theoretical volume.DISCUSSIONThe theoretical volume of carbon black is calculated a
48、ssample mass divided by the true or absolute density of carbon blackwith an accepted value of 1.9 g/cm3. The void volume value iscalculated based on 100 g mass. See Test Method D6086.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any ite
49、m mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for ad
