1、Designation: D3053 15D3053 17Standard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood o
3、r adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom
4、mendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines and AttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine Adsorption N
5、umberD1511 Test Method for Carbon BlackPellet Size DistributionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour DensityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classificatio
6、n System for Carbon Blacks Used in Rubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Packaged ShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk ShipmentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMass StrengthD2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil Absorption Number (OAN)D2663 Test Methods f
7、or Carbon BlackDispersion in RubberD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual Pellet Hardness (Withdrawn 2017)3D3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil Absorption Number of Compressed Sample (COAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphological Character
8、ization of Carbon Black Using Electron MicroscopyD5230 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Individual Pellet HardnessD6086 Test Method for Carbon BlackVoid Volume (VV) (Withdrawn 2015)3D6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and External Surface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampli
9、ng and Testing of Possible Carbon Black Fugitive Emissions or Other Environmental Particulate, orBothD7854 Test Method for Carbon Black-Void Volume at Mean Pressure3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
10、ee D24 on Carbon Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2015Oct. 1, 2017. Published January 2016October 2017. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 20132015 asD3053 13a.D3053
11、 15. DOI: 10.1520/D3053-15.10.1520/D3053-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approv
12、ed version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict
13、 all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428
14、-2959. United States1DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black are fused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniform morphology.carbon black, nan engineered material, primarily composed of elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition
15、 of hydrocarbons, existing as aggregates of aciniform morphology which are composed of spheroidalprimary particles which exhibit uniformity of primary particle sizes within a given aggregate4 and turbostratic layering withinthe primary particles.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphol
16、ogical features: particles (that is, primary particles), aggregates, and agglomerates. While the fundamentalbuilding block of carbon black is the primary particle, they almost never exist in isolation, but are strongly fused by covalent bonds into aggregates.4The primary particles are conceptual in
17、nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primary particle no longer exists, they are no longer discreteand have no physical boundaries amongst them. Once produced, individual aggregates join together by van der Waals forces to form agglomerates.Agglomerates do not break down into smaller com
18、ponents unless adequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Primary particle and aggregatesizes are distributional properties and vary depending on the carbon black grade. Transmission electron micrographs shown in Annex A1 of PracticeD6602 demonstrate that while primary particle and aggreg
19、ate sizes vary greatly within a given grade of carbon black, the primary particle size isessentially uniform within an individual aggregate.4carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbon black having an average nitrogen surface area in the range of 21 to 69m2/g.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbo
20、n blacks are produced by the oil furnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is not limited to the carcass portionof the tire. These grades are designated with an “N” first character and a second character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” in Table 1 of Classification D1765. SeeTerminology D156
21、6 for the definition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of carbon black produced by the decomposition reaction of hydrocarbons when injected intoa high-velocity stream of combustion gases under controlled conditions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, the preferred term.DISCUS
22、SIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcement when mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, the preferre
23、d term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcement when mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, the preferr
24、ed term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcement when mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of the car
25、bon black surface to interact physically or chemically, or both,with rubber or other molecules.carbon black, target value, na consensus value for selected primary properties on which producers center their manufacturingprocess and users center their specification.DISCUSSION4 The one exception to thi
26、s general characteristic of manufactured carbon black is thermal black, in which primary particles may exist in isolation and the primary particlesizes within an aggregate are not necessarily uniform.D3053 172Target values for carbon black properties are shown in Classification D1765 for most rubber
27、 grade carbon blacks currently in commerce.carbon black, thermal, na type of carbon black produced under controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first character and a second character of “8 or
28、 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black produced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furnace carbon black having an average nitrogen surface area of 70 m2/g or greater.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oil
29、furnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is not limited to the tread portionof the tire. These grades are designated with an “N” first character and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for tho
30、se carbon black properties that are not specifically targeted for controlin the manufacturing process and that are somewhat dependent upon the targeted properties.DISCUSSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown in Classification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently in c
31、ommerce. These areconsensus values based upon the range in values supplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in making comparisons between grades butthey are not the set-point targets for the process and may be expected to differ significantly between producers.carbon black agglomerate
32、, na cluster of physically bound and entangled aggregates.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal mass of extensively coalesced particles; it is the smallest dispersible unit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carbon atoms within a carbon black
33、 particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped (paracrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon black aggregate; itis separable from the aggregate only by fracturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of the diameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate
34、as measuredby electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate mass that has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitate handling andprocessing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, tread grade, the pr
35、eferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcement when mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of the carbon black gradeand amount used. See Terminology D1566 for the definition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity and de
36、viation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon black aggregate.carbon black weight mean particle size, nratio equal to the sum of individual particle diameters, each raised to the fourthpower, divided by the sum of the individual particle diameters, raised to the third power.D3053 173carbon char,
37、nthe unprocessed material obtained after a pyrolysis process of scrapped rubber goods or the unprocessed materialproduced from pyrolysis of biomaterials.DISCUSSIONDue to its lack of post processing, carbon char may still contain wire and fabric, and is typically not pelletized. This material has lit
38、tle or no reinforcingproperties if introduced into a rubber compound. The material has been used as a low cost carbon fuel or applications that require low cost,non-reinforcing pressed oil absorption number (COAN), nSee oil absorption number of compressed sample, the preferred term.dispersion, ndegr
39、ee of uniform distribution of a fillers primary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon black) into a compound. See alsomacro-dispersion,micro-dispersion, and visual dispersion.fines, nthat portion of pelleted carbon black that passes through a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Me
40、thod D1508.heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black is heated at 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarily attributed tomoisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D1509.individual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fracture or crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Met
41、hods D3313 and D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iodine adsorbed per kilogram of carbon black under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na quantity of carbon black that is essentially uniform in composition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of ca
42、rbon black selected to represent a lot for testing purposes and taken in accordance with PracticeD1799 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into a compound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumentationincluding but not limited to a light microscope, profilometer, or in
43、terferometric microscope, generally on a scale of less than 100m but greater than 2 m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon black pellets to pack together and to influence flow in a bulk handlingsystem.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quant
44、ity of carbon black with unique composition and characteristics.moisture content, nthe percentage, by mass, of water absorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIOND3053 174See heating loss.micro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of a fillers primary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into
45、 a compound that canbe assessed with the aid of instrumentation including but not limited to an electron microscope or scanning probe microscope,generally on a scale of less than 2 m.nanomaterial, nmaterial with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structur
46、e in thenanoscale.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology composed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to form discrete entities calledaggregates.5 The primary particles are conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primary particle” no longer
47、 exists, they are nolonger discrete, and have no physical boundaries amongst them.The aggregates are loosely held together by weaker forces forming larger entities calledagglomerates. The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Aggregates
48、 are the smallestdispersible unit.5 Carbon black is placed on the market in the form of agglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of the ISOTechnical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black is considered a nanostructured material (material having internal or surface str
49、ucture inthe nanoscale).nanoparticle, na nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale size range (that is, approximately 1 to 100 nm).DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology composed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to form discrete entities calledaggregates.5 The primary particles are conceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primary particle” no longer exists, they are nolonger discrete, and have no p
