1、Designation: D3142/D3142M 11Standard Test Method forSpecific Gravity, API Gravity, or Density of Cutback Asphaltsby Hydrometer Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3142/D3142M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination,using a glass hydrometer, of the den
3、sity, specific gravity, orAPI gravity of cutback asphalts as defined in SpecificationsD2026, D2027, and D2028 (Note 1). Values are measured on ahydrometer at convenient temperatures, readings of density,specific gravity, andAPI gravity being reduced to 15C or 60Fby means of international standard ta
4、bles. By means of thesesame tables, values determined in one of the three systems ofmeasurement are convertible to equivalent values in eithersystem so that measurements may be made in the units of localconvenience.NOTE 1This test method is applicable to cutback asphalts and ingeneral follows, but p
5、rovides more explicit routines than, the procedureoutlined in Test Method D1298.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently
6、 of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and heal
7、th practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD140 Practice
8、 for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD2026 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Slow-CuringType)D202
9、7 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-CuringType)D2028 Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-CuringType)E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE100 Specification for ASTM HydrometersE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques3. Terminology3.1 Def
10、initions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 API gravitya function of specific gravity 15/15C60/60F, represented by the equation:API 5 141.5/SG 15/15C 131.5 orAPI 5 141.5/SG 60/60F 131.5No statement of reference temperature is required since 15C60F is included in the definition.3.1.2 densityThe
11、 mass of material per unit volume. Whenreporting results, explicitly state the density in units of mass(kilograms) and volume (litres), together with the standardreference temperature.3.1.3 observed valuesvalues observed at temperaturesother than the standard reference temperature. Values observedat
12、 other temperatures are only hydrometer readings, and notdensity, relative density (specific gravity), or API gravity.3.1.4 specific gravityThe ratio of mass of a given volumeof a material at a specified temperature to the mass of an equalvolume of pure water measured at the reference temperature.Wh
13、en reporting results, the standard reference temperaturemust be stated.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is brought to the testing temperature andtransferred to a hydrometer cylinder at approximately the sametemperature. The cylinder and its contents are placed in a1This test method is under t
14、he jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.47 onMiscellaneous Asphalt Tests.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D3142 05. DOI:
15、10.1520/D3142/D3142M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Ba
16、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.constant-temperature bath to avoid excessive temperaturevariation during the test. The appropriate hydrometer is low-ered into the sample and allowed to settle. After temperatureequilibrium, the hydrometer is read and the
17、temperature of thesample is noted.4.2 The hydrometer reading is corrected to either 15C or60F by referring to standard tables.5. Significance and Use5.1 Accurate determination of the density, specific gravity,or API gravity of cutback asphalts is necessary for theconversion of measured volumes to vo
18、lumes at the standardtemperature of 15C or 60F.5.2 Similarly, accurate determination is necessary for con-verting volumes to mass as required in other ASTM tests oncutback asphalts.5.3 Values corrected to 15C and 60F will be differentbecause the two temperatures are not equal.6. Apparatus6.1 Hydrome
19、ters, glass, graduated in units of specific grav-ity, API gravity, or density as required, as listed in Table 1 andin accordance with Specification E100.6.2 ThermometersA calibrated ASTM Gravity Thermom-eter, having a range of 20 to 102C or 5 to 215F andconforming to the requirements for Thermometer
20、 12C or12F, respectively, as prescribed in Specification E1,oranequivalent thermometric device that has been calibrated inaccordance with Test Method E220. If a thermohydrometer isused, the temperature scale shall have a range from 20 to 65Cor 60 to 220F (Designation H).6.3 Hydrometer Cylinder, clea
21、r glass, plastic (Note 2), ormetal. For convenience in pouring, the cylinder may have a lipon the rim. The inside diameter of the cylinder shall be at least20 mm 34 in. greater than the outside diameter of thehydrometer used in it. The height of the cylinder shall be suchthat the hydrometer floats i
22、n the sample with at least 25 mm1 in. clearance between the bottom of the hydrometer and thebottom of the cylinder.NOTE 2Hydrometer cylinders constructed of plastic materials shouldbe resistant to discoloration or attack by oil samples and must not becomeopaque by prolonged exposure to sunlight and
23、oil samples.6.4 Constant-Temperature Bath, capable of maintaining thetesting temperature to 60.5C 1.0F and of such dimensionsthat the level of the liquid is approximately the same as that ofthe sample in the hydrometer cylinder.6.5 Oven, for preheating the sample, and capable of main-taining the sel
24、ected testing temperature to within 63C 5F.7. Hazards7.1 Materials tested using this procedure may contain vola-tile and flammable hydrocarbons. Heat the sample in a coveredcontainer to minimize loss of volatile components. Carry outthe test in a well ventilated area, and avoid breathing anyvapors w
25、hich may be generated. Keep sources of ignition awayfrom materials being tested.7.2 Warning: Mercury has been designated by the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervoussystem, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
26、 its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury containingproducts. See the applicable product Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitewww.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should b
27、eaware that selling mercury, mercury containing products, orboth, into your state may be prohibited by state law.8. Sampling8.1 Take samples in accordance with Practice D140. Thesample shall be free of foreign substances.8.2 Thoroughly mix the sample before removing a repre-sentative portion for tes
28、ting.9. Temperature of Test9.1 Because of differences in viscosity between variousgrades of cutback asphalts, the temperature of the test must beadjusted so that it will provide sufficient fluidity to conduct thetest over a reasonable period of time. The recommended testingtemperatures for the vario
29、us grades shown in Table 2 are basedon a viscosity of approximately 200 to 500 mm2/s (cSt).9.2 When the hydrometer value is to be used to selectmultipliers for correcting volumes to standard temperatures,the hydrometer reading should be made preferably at atemperature within 63C 5F of the temperatur
30、e at which thebulk volume of the oil was measured (Note 3). However, incases when appreciable amounts of light fractions may be lostduring determination at the bulk asphalt temperature, thetemperatures given in Table 2 should not be exceeded.NOTE 3When metal cylinders are used, accurate reading of t
31、hehydrometer can only be ensured if the level of the sample is within 5 mm14 in. of the top of the cylinder.TABLE 1 Recommended HydrometersHydrometerDesignationMeasurement RangeTotalLength,mmBodyDiameter,mm1H to 4H API Gravity 1 to 41API 325-335 23-2721H to 28H API Gravity 0 to 41API 158-168 12-1585
32、H to 90H Relative Density(SG) 15.6/15.6C0.8 to 1.1 325-335 23-27105H to 108H Relative Density(SG) 15.6/15.6C0.8 to 1.0 250-270 20-24315H to 320H Density at 15C 800-1100 kg/m3325-335 21-27TABLE 2 Recommended Testing Temperatures for VariousGrades of Cutback AsphaltsGradeTestingTemperature, FTestingTe
33、mperature, CMC-30 Room RoomSC-70, MC-70, RC-70 104 40SC-250, MC-250, RC-250 140 60SC-800, MC-800, RC-800 176 80SC-3000, MC-3000, RC-3000 212 100D3142/D3142M 11210. Procedure10.1 Select the test temperature in accordance with theindications given in Section 9. Heat the sample in an oven towithin 3C 5
34、F of the test temperature but without exceedingit. Cover the container with a loose-fitting cover to preventsolvent evaporation. Bring the hydrometer cylinder and ther-mometer to approximately the same temperature as the sampleto be tested.10.2 Transfer the sample to a clean hydrometer cylinder(Note
35、 4) without splashing, to avoid the formation of airbubbles, and to reduce to a minimum the evaporation of thelower boiling constituents of the more volatile samples. Re-move any air bubbles formed, after they have collected on thesurface of the sample, by touching them with a piece of cleanfilter p
36、aper before inserting the hydrometer.NOTE 4Volume and density correction tables are based on an averagecoefficient of expansion for a number of typical materials. Since the samecoefficients were used in computing both sets of tables, corrections madeover the same temperature interval minimize errors
37、 arising from possibledifferences between the coefficients of the material under test and thestandard coefficients. This effect becomes more important as temperaturesdiverge significantly from the standard table temperatures of 15C or 60F.10.3 Place the cylinder containing the sample in theconstant-
38、temperature bath previously brought up to the testtemperature 60.5C 1.0F. Allow sufficient time for thesample to reach the bath temperature 6 0.5C 1.0F andverify its temperature with the thermometric device. If athermohydrometer is used, it may be lowered into the sampleat this point instead of the
39、thermometric device. As soon as asteady thermometer reading is obtained, record the temperatureof the sample to the nearest 0.2C 0.5F.10.4 Lower the hydrometer gently into the sample. Takecare to avoid wetting the stem above the level to which it willbe immersed in the liquid. Allow sufficient time
40、for thehydrometer to become completely stationary and for all airbubbles to come to the surface. This is particularly necessary inthe case of the more viscous samples.10.5 When the hydrometer has come to rest, floating freelyaway from the walls of the cylinder, read the hydrometer to thenearest scal
41、e division. Take the reading by observing with theeye slightly above the plane of the surface of the liquid, thepoint on the hydrometer scale to which the sample rises. Thisreading, at the top of the meniscus, requires correction sincehydrometers are calibrated to be read at the principal surface of
42、the liquid. The corrections for the particular hydrometer in usemay be determined by observing the maximum height abovethe principal surface of the liquid to which oil rises on thehydrometer scale when the hydrometer in question is immersedin a transparent oil having a surface tension similar to tha
43、t ofthe sample under test. For routine work, determine the heightof the meniscus by sighting across the principal surface of theliquid and estimating the rise of the meniscus on the hydrom-eter scale.10.6 Immediately after observing the hydrometer scalevalue, cautiously stir the sample with the ther
44、mometric device.Record the temperature of the sample to the nearest 0.2C0.5F (Note 5). Should this temperature differ from theprevious reading by more than 0.5C 1.0F, repeat thehydrometer and the temperature observations until the tem-perature becomes stable within 0.5C 1.0F.NOTE 5After use at a tem
45、perature higher than 40C 100F, allow allhydrometers of the lead shot in wax type to drain and cool in a verticalposition.11. Calculation11.1 Apply any relevant corrections to the observed ther-mometer reading (for scale and bulb) and to the hydrometerreading (scale). Make the appropriate correction
46、to the ob-served hydrometer reading. Record the specific gravity to thenearest 0.001, theAPI gravity to the nearest 0.1, or the densityto the nearest 1 kg/m3. After application of any relevantcorrections, record to the nearest 0.5C 1.0F the mean of thetemperature values observed immediately before a
47、nd after thefinal hydrometer reading.11.2 To convert the observed hydrometer reading to densityto standard temperature, use the following guidance to selectthe correct table from Guide D1250 and ASTM D1250Petroleum Measurement Tables:3,411.2.1 When an API gravity hydrometer has been used, useTable 5
48、A to convert the hydrometer reading to the API gravity.Then, if desired, use Table 3 to obtain the specific gravity60/60F or the density at 15C.11.2.2 When a specific gravity hydrometer has been used,use Table 23Ato convert the hydrometer reading to the specificgravity 60/60F. Then, if desired, use
49、Table 21 to obtain theAPI gravity at 60F or the density at 15C.11.2.3 When a density scaled hydrometer has been used, useTable 53A to obtain the density at 15C. Then, if desired, useTable 51 to obtain specific gravity 60/60F or API gravity at60F.12. Report12.1 Report the final value as specific gravity 60/60F, ordensity at 15C, kg/m3, or as gravity in degrees API, asapplicable.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Single Operator PrecisionThe single-operator stan-dard
