1、Designation: D 3161 08Standard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for te
3、sting thewind resistance of asphalt shingles when applied to a test deckon low slopes in accordance with the manufacturers instruc-tions at the most susceptible slope for wind damage of 2:12(17 %) permitted by those instructions. It is used to benchmarkthe blow-off resistance of sealed and interlock
4、ed shingles at agiven wind velocity, but may be used to test unsealed or sealedshingles at other wind velocities as is applicable.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address
5、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1079 Terminolog
6、y Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-ing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 1079.4. Type and Classes of Shingles4.1 Shingles are of two types:4.1.1 Type IShingles with a factory-applied adhesive(self-sealing shingles).4.1.2 Type IIShi
7、ngles of the lock type, with mechanicallyinterlocking tabs or ears.4.2 Shingles are of three classes:4.2.1 Class APass at a test velocity of 97 km/h (60 mph).4.2.2 Class DPass at a test velocity of 145 km/h (90mph).4.2.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 177 km/h (110mph).5. Significance and Use5.1
8、Most asphalt shingles that have demonstrated windresistance by this test have also performed well in use. Naturalwind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, andturbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this testto simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlat
9、e towind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation ismade in this test method for building height, building exposurecategory, or building importance factor.5.2 Many factors influence the sealing characteristics ofshingles in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope,contaminati
10、on by dirt and debris, and fasteners that aremisaligned or under-driven and interfere with sealing. It isbeyond the scope of this test method to address all of theseinfluences. When testing shingles with sealant, this test methodis designed to determine the wind resistance when representa-tive sampl
11、es of shingles are sealed under defined conditionsbefore testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal streamof air through a rectangular opening 914 mm (36 in.) wide and305 mm (12 in.) high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h (60mph). At a velocity of not less than 177 km
12、/h (110 mph), it ispermissible to add a duct section to the equipment to lower theheight of the rectangular opening to 152 mm (6 in.). The testvelocity shall not vary more than 65 mph as measured at aminimum of three evenly spaced locations across the orifice.1This test method is under the jurisdict
13、ion of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 onPrepared Roofings, Shingles and Siding Materials.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 3161
14、06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO B
15、ox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.The machine shall be equipped with an adjustable stand toreceive a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel atany desired slope, at any horizontal distance from the loweredge of the duct opening, and at various angles incident to th
16、ewind direction.6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room, forself-sealing shingles, having forced circulation of air capableof receiving a 1.27-m (50-in.) wide by 1.68-m (66-in.) long, orlarger test panel on a slope of 2:12 (17 %) and o
17、f maintaininga uniform temperature of 57 to 60C (135 to 140F).7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matchedsheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and notless than 1.27 by 1.68 m (50 by 66 in.) in size. They are to beof such rigidity that they will not twist or
18、 distort with normalhandling, or vibrate from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply self-sealing shingles to duplicate panels, parallelto the short dimension of the panel, in the normal mannerrecommended by the manufacturer. Use roofing nails, properlypositioned in accordance with the manufact
19、urers instructions,to fasten each shingle, and no cement other than the factory-applied adhesive shall be used to fasten down the tabs. Do notapply pressure to the shingle tabs either during or afterapplication.7.3 Apply lock-type shingles to at least four panels, parallelto the short dimension of t
20、he panel, in accordance with themanufacturers instructions. Secure the shingles at the outeredge of the test panel by exposed nailing to simulate anchoringat the rake edges of a roof deck.7.4 Control the temperature at 27 6 8C (80 6 15F) andmaintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %) during appli
21、ca-tion of the shingles.8. Conditioning of Self-Sealing Shingle Test Decks8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %) and ata temperature of 27 6 8C (80 6 15F) until beginning heatconditioning.8.2 Place the test panels in the conditioning cell or room ona slope of 2:12 (17 %) and maintain
22、 at a temperature of 57 to60C (135 to 140F) for a continuous period of 16 h.8.3 After completion of the conditioning period, allow thetest panels to come to room temperature 27 6 8C (80 6 15F)while being maintained at a slope of 2:12 (17 %).8.4 Exercise care to avoid pressure on shingle tabs by anyt
23、wisting or distortion of the test panels in handling.9. Conditioning of Lock-Shingle Test Decks9.1 Maintain the test panels at a temperature of 27 6 8C(80 6 15F) before conduct of the wind test. No furtherconditioning of these panels is required.10. Test Procedure10.1 Location of the Test PanelInsta
24、ll the panel on the testcarriage and accurately adjust it in relation to the duct so thatthe exposed edge of the target course will be on the same levelas the lower edge of the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of178 6 1mm(76116 in.). The target course shall be the thirdcourse up from the bottom
25、 of the panel. The test slope shall be2:12 (17 %) for self-sealing shingles, and at the lowest sloperecommended by the manufacturer for lock-type shingles.10.1.1 Test a minimum of two panels for self-sealingshingles.10.1.2 Since the design of lock-type shingle makes itdifficult to determine the most
26、 critical angle of wind direction,conduct the test at a minimum of three different angles using aseparate panel for each test (head-on, with the bottom of thetarget course parallel to and 178 mm (7 in.) away from themachine orifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60 from thehead-on position, with
27、 the bottom corner of the third-course tabnearest the duct being 178 mm (7 in.) away from and in thesame horizontal plane as the bottom of the machine orifice).Test another panel at the position judged to be most critical onthe basis of the first three tests.10.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambi
28、ent tempera-ture at 24 6 3C (75 6 5F) during the tests.10.2.1 As soon as the panel is set in position, start the fan,adjust the speed to produce a velocity, as previously agreedbetween the buyer and the seller, not less than 97 km/h (60mph) and not greater than 177 km/h (110 mph). The testvelocity s
29、hall not vary more than 65 % at the orifice during thetest, and shall be maintained continuously for 2 h, or until suchlesser time as a failure occurs.10.2.2 During the test, station an observer where he can noteany lifting of shingle tabs. He shall record any damage to a fullshingle or the disengag
30、ing of a locking ear or tab, or a shingletab, including any failure of adhesive, with its time ofoccurrence.10.2.3 If failure occurs during the test, stop the air flow andrecord the elapsed time. The end point for failure shall be takenas the time at which the sealing feature fails to restrain one o
31、rmore full shingle tabs, or a locking ear or tab of a lock shingletears loose or disengages from its locking position. In addition,no free portion of a shingle shall lift so as to stand upright orbend back on itself during the test.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method with different te
32、stvelocities and different time intervals of stop-and-go frequencies to doresearch on the performance of shingles in an unsealed condition. If thisis done, shingles do not have to be conditioned at 140F for 16 h beforetesting and it is not prohibited to use different criteria for failure than thosep
33、resented in 10.2.3. It is also not prohibited to interpret the test results onunsealed shingles differently than as described in Section 11.11. Interpretation of Results11.1 Any assembly that restrains full shingle tabs fromlifting, or locking ears from tearing loose or disengaging, shallbe consider
34、ed as having passed this test.11.2 Any assembly that does not restrain full shingle tabs orthat has locking ears that tear loose or disengage, or that hasany free portion of a shingle lift so as to stand upright or bendback on itself during the test, shall be considered as havingfailed this test.12.
35、 Report12.1 The report shall include the following information foreach specimen that passes:D316108212.1.1 The velocity maintained during the test, the total timeof duration, and the corresponding class.12.2 The report shall include the following information foreach specimen that fails:12.2.1 The el
36、apsed time and velocity at which the sealingfeature fails to restrain one or more full shingle tabs, or alocking ear or tab of a lock shingle tears loose or disengagesfrom its locking position.12.2.2 The mode of failure shall be reported in accordancewith 11.2.12.3 The report shall include photograp
37、hs taken immedi-ately before shutting off the wind for each specimen tested.13. Precision and Bias13.1 No statement is made about either precision or bias ofthis test method, since the result merely states whether there isconformance to the criteria for success specified in the proce-dure.14. Keywor
38、ds14.1 fan-induced wind; roofing; shingles; waterproofing;wind resistanceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity o
39、f any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments a
40、re invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not re
41、ceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D3161083
