1、Designation: D 3161 08cStandard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for ev
3、aluating thewind resistance of asphalt shingles that results from theshingles rigidity (with or without contribution from sealant) ormechanical interlocking (with or without contribution fromsealant) or any combination thereof. The shingles are appliedto a test panel in accordance with the manufactu
4、rers instruc-tions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slopepermitted by those instructions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are
5、 not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations pri
6、or to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-ing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 1079.4. Classes of Shingles4.1 Shingles are of three classes:4.1.1 Class APass at a test
7、 velocity of 97 km/h (60 mph).4.1.2 Class DPass at a test velocity of 145 km/h (90mph).4.1.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 177 km/h (110mph).5. Significance and Use5.1 Most asphalt shingles that have demonstrated windresistance by this test have also performed well in use. Naturalwind conditions
8、 differ with respect to intensity, duration, andturbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this testto simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate towind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation ismade in this test method for building height, building exposureca
9、tegory, or building importance factor.5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of shinglesin the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope,contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners that aremisaligned or under-driven. It is beyond the scope of this testmethod to address all of the
10、se influences. This test method isdesigned to evaluate the wind resistance of asphalt shingles asdescribed in the scope when representative samples are appliedto test panels in accordance with the manufacturers instruc-tions and conditioned as specified before testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Machine, c
11、apable of delivering a horizontal streamof air through a rectangular opening 914 mm (36 in.) wide and305 mm (12 in.) high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h (60mph). At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h (110 mph), it ispermissible to add a duct section to the equipment to lower theheight of the
12、rectangular opening to 152 mm (6 in.). The testvelocity shall not vary more than 65 mph as measured at aminimum of three evenly spaced locations across the orifice.The machine shall be equipped with an adjustable stand toreceive a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel atany desired slo
13、pe, at any horizontal distance from the loweredge of the duct opening, and at various angles incident to thewind direction.6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room,having forced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m(50-in.) w
14、ide by 1.68-m (66-in.) long, or larger test panel on aslope of 2:12 (17 %) and of maintaining a uniform temperatureof 57 to 60C (135 to 140F).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 onPrepar
15、ed Roofings, Shingles and Siding Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 3161 08b.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
16、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, ti
17、ghtly matchedsheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and notless than 1.27 by 1.68 m (50 by 66 in.) in size. They are to beof such rigidity that they will not twist or distort with normalhandling, or vibrate from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply shingles to duplicate panels,
18、parallel to the shortdimension of the panel, in the normal manner recommended bythe manufacturer. Use roofing nails, properly positioned inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions, to fasten eachshingle. Do not apply pressure to the shingle tabs either duringor after application.7.3 Apply lock
19、-type shingles to an additional two panels,parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions.7.4 Secure the shingles at the outer edge of each test panelby exposed nailing to simulate anchoring at the rake edges ofa roof deck.7.5 Control the temperature a
20、t 27 6 8C (80 6 15F) andmaintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %) during applica-tion of the shingles.8. Conditioning of Shingle Test Panels8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %) and ata temperature of 27 6 8C (80 6 15F) until beginning heatconditioning.8.2 Place the test panels
21、 in the conditioning cell or room ona slope of 2:12 (17 %) and maintain at a temperature of 57 to60C (135 to 140F) for a continuous period of 16 h.8.3 After completion of the conditioning period, allow thetest panels to come to room temperature 27 6 8C (80 6 15F)while being maintained at a slope of
22、2:12 (17 %).8.4 Exercise care to avoid pressure on, or damage to,shingle tabs by any twisting or distortion of the test panels inhandling.9. Test Procedure9.1 Location of the Test PanelInstall the panel on the testcarriage and accurately adjust it in relation to the duct so thatthe exposed edge of t
23、he target course will be on the same levelas the lower edge of the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of178 6 1mm(76116 in.). The target course shall be the thirdcourse up from the bottom of the panel. The test slope shall be2:12 (17 %) or the lowest slope recommended by the manu-facturer for the
24、 product being tested.9.1.1 Test a minimum of two panels for each product beingtested.9.1.2 Since the design of lock-type shingle makes it difficultto determine the most critical angle of wind direction, conductthe test at a minimum of three different angles using a separatepanel for each test (head
25、-on, with the bottom of the targetcourse parallel to and 178 mm (7 in.) away from the machineorifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60 from the head-onposition, with the bottom corner of the third-course tab nearestthe duct being 178 mm (7 in.) away from and in the samehorizontal plane as the bo
26、ttom of the machine orifice). Testanother panel at the position judged to be most critical on thebasis of the first three tests.9.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambient temperatureat 24 6 3C (75 6 5F) during the tests.9.2.1 As soon as the panel is set in position, start the fan,adjust the speed t
27、o produce a velocity, as previously agreedbetween the buyer and the seller, not less than 97 km/h (60mph) and not greater than 177 km/h (110 mph). The testvelocity shall not vary more than 65 % at the orifice during thetest, and shall be maintained continuously for 2 h, or until suchlesser time as a
28、 failure occurs.9.2.2 During the test, station an observer where any liftingof shingle tabs can be seen or noted.Any observable damage toa full shingle or the disengaging of a locking ear or tab, or ashingle tab, including any failure of adhesive, with its time ofoccurrence shall be recorded. The fu
29、ll assessment of damage,as required by 10.3, is possible only after the cessation of thetest.9.2.3 In the event that observable failure occurs during thetest, stop the air flow and record the elapsed time. Theobservable end point for failure shall be taken as the time atwhich any one or more full sh
30、ingle tabs lift beyond upright(beyond perpendicular to the deck), or a locking ear or tab ofa lock shingle tears loose or disengages from its lockingposition.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method with different testvelocities and different time intervals of stop-and-go frequencies to do
31、research on the performance of shingles in an unsealed condition. If thisis done, shingles do not have to be conditioned as specified in 8.2 beforetesting, and it is not prohibited to use different criteria for failure thanthose presented in 9.2.3. It is also not prohibited to interpret the resultso
32、btained in research testing of unsealed shingles differently than asdescribed in 10.3.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 Any sealed shingle assembly that restrains full shingletabs from lifting shall be considered as having passed this test.10.2 Any interlocked shingle assembly that restrains fullshi
33、ngle tabs from tearing loose, or disengaging from theirlocked position, shall be considered as having passed this test.10.3 Any unsealed shingle assembly that restrains fullshingle tabs from lifting beyond upright (beyond perpendicularto the deck) during the test, and shows no permanent damageas a r
34、esult of the test (such as by creasing, tearing, cracking, orsplitting), and has its leading edge return to within 3 mm (18in.) of its pre-test location within1hofcessation of the test,shall be considered as having passed this test.10.4 Any shingle assembly that fails to restrain full shingletabs as
35、 described in 10.1, 10.2,or10.3, shall be considered ashaving failed this test.10.5 When evidence of permanent damage caused by thetesting (such as creasing, tearing, cracking, or splitting) isfound during post-test examination of any shingle assembly,that assembly shall be considered as having fail
36、ed this test.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following information foreach specimen that passes:11.1.1 The velocity maintained during the test, the total timeof duration, and the corresponding class.D 3161 08c211.2 The report shall include the following information foreach specimen that
37、fails:11.2.1 The elapsed time and velocity at which any fullshingle tab (or full shingle if single-tab) lifts so as to bendbeyond perpendicular to the plane of the assembly, or whereany locking feature either tears loose or disengages from itslocking position.11.2.2 The mode of failure.11.3 The repo
38、rt shall include photographs taken immedi-ately before shutting off the wind for each specimen tested.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No statement is made about either precision or bias ofthis test method, since the result merely states whether there isconformance to the criteria for success specified in
39、 the proce-dure.13. Keywords13.1 fan-induced wind; interlocking; rigidity; roofing; seal-ant; shingles; waterproofing; wind resistanceASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standa
40、rd are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif
41、 not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, whi
42、ch you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 3161 08c3
