1、Designation: D 3182 07Standard Practice forRubberMaterials, Equipment, and Procedures for MixingStandard Compounds and Preparing Standard VulcanizedSheets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3182; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. S
3、cope1.1 This practice provides a listing of reference compound-ing materials required to prepare the rubber test compoundslisted in succeeding methods and contains procedures forweighing. It also specifies the mixing equipment, generalmixing procedures, vulcanization equipment and procedures.1.2 The
4、 values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
5、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specificwarning statement, see 5.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D88 Test Method for Saybolt ViscosityD 1646 Test Methods for RubberViscosity, Stress Relax-ation, and Pre-Vulcan
6、ization Characteristics (Mooney Vis-cometer)D 2084 Test Method for Rubber PropertyVulcanizationUsing Oscillating Disk Cure MeterD 2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity toSaybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol ViscosityD 2226 Classification for Various Types of Petroleum Oilsfo
7、r Rubber Compounding UseD 2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-GravityConstant (VGC) of Petroleum OilsD 4678 Practice for RubberPreparation, Testing, Accep-tance, Documentation, and Use of Reference MaterialsD 5289 Test Method for Rubber PropertyVulcanizationUsing Rotorless Cure MetersD 620
8、4 Test Method for RubberMeasurement of Unvul-canized Rheological Properties Using Rotorless ShearRheometersE 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Significance and Use3.1 This practice shall be used for specific procedures usedin preparing rubber compounds for quali
9、ty control of produc-tion, for research and development purposes, and for compari-son of different materials.4. Standard Materials4.1 Standard Reference Materials:4.1.1 The materials required for standard rubber test formu-las shall be National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) Reference M
10、aterials or materials that are known tohave properties similar to these standard materials. However,in case of dispute, the following actual standard materials fromthe NIST of the United States shall be used:1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D11 on Rubber andis the direct res
11、ponsibility of Subcommittee D11.20 on Compounding Materials andProcedures.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 3182 89 (2006).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
12、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.1.2 An Industry Referenc
13、e Material (IRM) is a standardreference from a designated supplier and has been certified inaccordance with Practice D 4678.3,4Standard IndustryReference ReferenceNIST Standard Reference Material MaterialMaterial or IRM No. No.Zinc oxide 370Sulfur 371Stearic acid 372Benzothiazyl disulfide 2Tetrameth
14、ylthiuram disulfide 1Magnesium oxide 376Oil furnace carbon blackHAF 378Gas furnace carbon blackSRF 382Mercaptobenzothiazole 383N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide 384SBR-1500 386Natural rubber 2014.2 Other standard or industry reference materials are asfollows: Industry Reference Black Current L
15、ot in use at time oftesting ASTM Oil Type 103 (defined by ClassificationD 2226).55. Weighing of Materials5.1 The standard batch mass (in grams) for the laboratorymill shall be three times the formula mass in parts per hundredgrams of rubber, unless otherwise specified.5.2 The batch mass (in grams) f
16、or an internal mixer shall bethe nominal capacity (1170 6 40 cm3) multiplied by thedensity of the rubber compound.5.3 The batch mass (in grams) for a miniature internal mixer(MIM) shall be 75 % of the nominal capacity (85 6 1cm3)multiplied by the density of the rubber compound.5.4 The rubber and car
17、bon black shall be weighed to withina tolerance of 61 g for mill and internal mixer compounds andwith a tolerance of 60.1 g for miniature internal mixercompounds.All other materials shall be weighed with a 60.1-gaccuracy or less for mill and internal mixer compounds andwith 60.01-g accuracy for the
18、miniature internal mixer com-pounds.5.5 Compounding materials other than rubber, carbon black,and oil may be added to miniature internal mixer batches moreprecisely and with greater ease if they are previously blendedin proportion to the mass required by the recipe. Such blendmay be made in a mortar
19、 and pestle, by mixing for 10 min ina biconical blender with intensifier bar turning, or by mixing ina blender6for five 3-s periods and scraping the inside of themixer to dislodge materials stuck to the sides after each 3-smix. (WarningIf mixed longer than 3 s, the stearic acid maymelt and prevent g
20、ood dispersion.)5.6 Unless otherwise specified, carbon black shall be con-ditioned by heating for1hat1256 3C (257 6 5F) ina1Boven or equivalent, in accordance with Specification E 145.5.6.1 Place the carbon black in an open vessel of suitabledimensions so that the depth of the black is no more than1
21、0 mm (0.4 in.) during conditioning. Store the conditionedcarbon black in a closed moisture-proof container until cooland then use for weighing and mixing.6. Equipment for Mixing6.1 Standard Mill:6.1.1 The standard mill shall have rolls between 150 and155 mm (5.9 and 6.1 in.) in diameter. The mill sh
22、all beequipped with retaining guides, with a distance between theguides at the nip of 250 to 280 mm (10 to 11 in.).NOTE 1If mills of other sizes are used, adjustments to batch massesand mixing cycles may be required to obtain equivalent results.6.1.2 The speed of the slow roll shall be 0.4 6 0.50 ra
23、d/s (246 0.5 rpm) and the ratio between slow and fast roll shall be1:1.4. Other ratios may be used, but modifications in mixingprocedure may be required to obtain equivalent results.The useof other than a standard mill shall be recorded with the reporteddata.6.1.3 Means shall be provided for control
24、ling the mill rolltemperatures to the specified temperature 65C (69F).6.1.4 The clearance between rolls shall be adjustable from0.2 to 8.0 mm (0.008 to 0.31 in.) as a minimum range ofadjustment. Roll clearance shall be determined by means oftwo lead strips 10 6 3 mm (0.4 6 0.1 in.) wide, at least 50
25、 mm(2 in.) long, and 0.25 to 0.50 mm (0.01 to 0.02 in.) thicker thanthe roll clearance to be measured. The lead strips shall beinserted, one at each end of the rolls approximately 25 mm(1 in.) from the guides, while a piece of compounded rubber,with Mooney viscosity in excess of 50 ML 1 + 4 at 100C(
26、212F), approximately 75 by 75 by 6 mm (3 by 3 by 0.25 in.)is passing through the center portion of the rolls. The rolls shallbe at the temperature specified for mixing.After the lead stripshave passed through the rolls, measure the thickness of thestrips to the nearest 0.02 mm (0.001 in.). Tolerance
27、 on a rollclearance shall be 610 % or 0.05 mm (0.002 in.), whichever islarger.6.2 Standard Internal MixerThe standard internal mixershall have a chamber of 1575 6 50 cm3volume and two rotorswith approximately 400-cm3displacement volume, resulting in3NIST has discontinued supply of SRM 373, 374, and
28、385.Asubstitute materialis available as IRM 2, 1, and 201. The sole source of supply of IRM 1 and 2 knownto the committee at this time is Forcoven Products, Inc., P.O. Box 1556, Humble,TX77338. The sole source of supply of IRM 201 known to the committee at this timeis Akron Chemical Co., 255 Fountai
29、n St., Akron, OH 44304. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend. Supporting data have beenfiled at ASTM Inter
30、national Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR: D11-1034.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D11-1026.5The sole source of supply of a lot of oil conforming to the basic description inClass
31、ification D 2226 and, more specifically, to the values listed below known to thecommittee at this time is Sun Refining and Marketing Co., Process Materials Group,10 Penn Center, 1801 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103 (available in 1 and 5-galquantities): Kinematic Viscosity (Test Method D88) and (P
32、ractice D 2161) 16.8 61.2 mm2/s at 100F, Viscosity-Gravity Constant (Test Method D 2501) 0.889 60.002. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible techn
33、ical committee,1which you may attend.6The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Waring Products, Inc. at . If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful considerat
34、ion at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.D31820721170 6 40-cm3loading capacity. The slow rotor speed shall be8.16 rad/s (77 rpm) and the gear ratio shall be 1:1.125. Therotor wing tip to side clearance shall be 2.4 + 0.3, 0.1 mm(0.094 + 0.010, 0.005 in.). The mixe
35、r shall be equipped witha thermocouple for measuring and recording batch mixingtemperatures. The thermocouple shall be installed through theend frame and shall protrude into the mixing chamber 25 62.5 mm (1 6 0.1 in.) measured along the top side of thethermocouple probe.Aram that is 56 6 3mmby1406 8
36、mm(2.2 6 0.1 in. by 5.5 6 0.3 in.) shall exert a force of 1.27 60.06 kN (285 6 14 lbf) on the batch in the chamber. The sidesshall be hinged to swing open, made of cast stainless steel andjacketed for controlling temperature by means of a circulatingliquid or steam. The end frames shall be of ductil
37、e iron that hasa 0.20 6 0.02-mm (0.008 6 0.001-in.) thick chrome plating onthe working surfaces. Rotors are of stainless steel, nitrided,drilled, and equipped with rotary unions for controlling therotor temperature by means of a circulating liquid or steam.NOTE 2If internal mixers of other sizes are
38、 used, adjustments of batchmasses and rotor speeds or mixing cycles will be required to obtainequivalent results.6.3 Standard Miniature Internal Mixer (MIM):6.3.1 The standard miniature internal mixer shall beequipped with a stainless steel mixer head having a bowl of120-cm3volume and stainless stee
39、l cam-style mixer rotors(removable or fixed) of 34 to 35-cm3displacement, thusresulting in a 85 6 1-cm3volume. The recommended loadingis 75 % (64 cm3). The fast or driving rotor (left) shall turn at6.28 + 3.14 rad/s (60 + 3, 0 rpm) and the gear ratio (drive todriven) shall be 1.5:1. The mixer shall
40、be equipped with athermocouple installed through the ridge in the bowl formeasuring and recording the batch temperatures. The mixingchamber shall be closed during the mixing cycle by means ofa lever or ram. The head and the backplate shall be maintainedat the required temperature either electrically
41、 or by means of athermal liquid medium.NOTE 3If miniature internal mixers equipped with Banbury-stylemixer head and rotors or heads of other sizes are used, adjustments ofbatch masses, rotor speeds, or mixing cycles will be required to obtainequivalent results.6.3.2 The miniature internal mixer may
42、be equipped with atorque-measuring instrument and recorder, which are notessential for the mixing operation. If used, it must be calibratedoccasionally and after each overhaul of the miniature internalmixer using the manufacturers instructions.7. General Mixing Procedures7.1 Mill Mixing Procedure:7.
43、1.1 Mix compounds with the rubber banded on the slowroll, unless otherwise specified.7.1.2 Measure the temperature of the surfaces of the rolls ata point approximately equidistant from the ends during themixing operation either continuously on a recorder or with amanual device having an accuracy of
44、at least 61C (62F),frequently enough to maintain the desired temperature. Thebatch may be removed momentarily from the mill to measurethe surface temperature of the slow roll.7.1.3 Whenever34 cuts are specified, cut the batch34 of thedistance across the roll and hold the knife at this position until
45、the bank just disappears. Make successive34 cuts fromalternate ends of the roll, allowing 20 s between each cut unlessotherwise specified.7.1.4 Do not cut any batch while free materials are evidentin the bank or on the milling surface.7.1.5 Add carbon black evenly across the mill at a uniformrate. A
46、dd all other dry materials slowly and evenly in pre-scribed times. Oil, if required, may be added alternately withcarbon black. Carefully collect materials falling through thenip from the tray and return to the mix.7.1.6 Conclude the mixing cycle by passing the rolled batchendwise through the mill s
47、ix times with an opening of 0.8 mm(0.031 in.), to improve the dispersion.7.1.7 Pass the batch four times through the mill at a settingof 6 mm (.25 in.), folding it back on itself each time.7.1.8 Weigh the batch and record the mass. If required, cutsamples from the batch to allow testing of compound
48、viscosityand processability in accordance with Test Methods D 1646 orTest Method D 6204, and vulcanization characteristics inaccordance with Test Methods D 2084 or D 5289. If tensilestress strain tests are required, sheet out the remainder of thebatch to 2.2 to 2.4 mm (0.087 to 0.094 in.) thickness
49、aftershrinkage has taken place.7.2 Internal Mixer Mixing Procedure:7.2.1 The compound is usually prepared in two stages: thefirst one always in the internal mixer and the second either inthe internal mixer or on the standard mill.7.2.2 The initial internal mixer temperature will be eitherindicated or be such that the required discharge temperature isreached.7.2.3 The rotor speed shall be 8.16 rad/s (77 rpm), unlessotherwise specified.7.2.4 Cut the rubber into pieces suitable for fast feeding.7.2.5 Prepare the mix according to speci
