1、Designation: D 3213 08Standard Practices forHandling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Intact Marine Soil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These practices cover methods for project/cruise report-ing, and handling, transporting and storing soft cohesive intactmarine
3、 soil. Procedures for preparing soil specimens fortriaxial strength, and consolidation testing are also presented.1.2 These practices may include the handling and transport-ing of sediment specimens contaminated with hazardous ma-terials and samples subject to quarantine regulations.1.3 These practi
4、ces offer a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may beapplicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to
5、 represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consideration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of the document means only that the document has beenapproved thr
6、ough the ASTM consensus process.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
7、ons prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Sections 1, 2 and 7.1.5 The values in acceptable SI units are to be regarded asthe standard. The values given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock
8、, and ContainedFluidsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 2850 Test Method
9、 for Unconsolidated-Undrained Tri-axial Compression Test on Cohesive SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Satu
10、rated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain LoadingD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4452 Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms used in thesepractices shall be in accordance with Terminology D 653.4. Summary o
11、f Practice4.1 Procedures are presented for handling, transporting,storing, and preparing very soft and soft, fine-grained marinesediment specimens that minimize disturbance to the testspecimen from the time it is initially sampled at sea to the timeit is placed in a testing device in the laboratory.
12、5. Significance and Use5.1 Disturbance imparted to sediments after sampling cansignificantly affect some geotechnical properties. Careful prac-tices need to be followed to minimize soil fabric changescaused from handling, storing, and preparing sediment speci-mens for testing.NOTE 1The quality of th
13、e result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Use
14、rs of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on may factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRoc
15、k and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 3213 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit t
16、he ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100
17、 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 The practices presented in this document should be usedwith soil that has a very soft or soft shear strength (undrainedshear strength less than 25 kPa (3.6 psi) consistency.NOTE 2Some soils that are obtained at or j
18、ust below the seafloorquickly deform under their own weight if left unsupported. This type ofbehavior presents special problems for some types of testing. Specialhandling and preparation procedures are required under those circum-stances. Test are sometimes performed at sea to minimize the effect of
19、storage time and handling on soil properties. An undrained shear strengthof less than 25 kPa was selected based on Terzaghi and Peck.3Theydefined a very soft saturated clay as having undrained shear strength lessthan 25 kPa.5.3 These practices shall apply to specimens of naturallyformed marine soil
20、(that may or may not be fragile or highlysensitive) that will be used for density determination, consoli-dation, permeability testing or shear strength testing with orwithout stress-strain properties and volume change measure-ments (see Note 3). In addition, dynamic and cyclic testing canalso be per
21、formed on the sample.NOTE 3To help evaluate disturbance, X-Ray Radiography has provenhelpful, refer to Methods D 4452.5.4 These practices apply to fine-grained soils that do notallow the rapid drainage of pore water. Although many of theprocedures can apply to coarser-grained soils, drainage mayoccu
22、r rapidly enough to warrant special handling proceduresnot covered in these practices.5.5 These practices apply primarily to soil specimens thatare obtained in thin-walled or similar coring devices thatproduce high-quality cores or that are obtained by pushing athin-walled tube into cores taken with
23、 another sampling device.5.6 These practices can be used in conjunction with soilscontaining gas, however, more specialized procedures andequipment that are not covered in these practices have beendeveloped for use with such materials.NOTE 4For information on handling gas charged sediments, thereade
24、r is referred to papers by Johns, et al.,4and Lee.56. Apparatus6.1 Coring Device, capable of obtaining high-quality soilspecimens, including related shipboard equipment such ascable and winch. Typical coring devices used in industry arethe wireline push or piston samplers.NOTE 5Some sampling devices
25、, for example, box corers, obtainsamples of a size or shape that are difficult to preserve. Such cores can besubsampled aboard ship by pushing a thin-walled sampler into the largersize core. This method can produce samples from soils obtained near theseafloor. The subsamples can then be handled and
26、stored according tothese practices.6.1.1 Metal or Plastic Liners or Barrels (Pipe or Thin-Walled Tubes), the soil will be obtained or stored within, orboth. Short sections of the liner, sharpened on one end, mayalso be used to subsample larger sized cores (see Note 5). It isimportant to note that li
27、ners constructed of cellulose acetatebutyrate (CAB) plastic are pervious to water. Polycarbonate isnearly impervious and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is imperviousto water migration.6.2 Equipment Required on Board Ship to Seal and StoreSoil Samples:6.2.1 Identification MaterialThis includes the necessar
28、ywriting pens, tags, and labels to properly identify thesample(s).6.2.2 Caps, either plastic, rubber, or metal, to be placed overthe end of thin-walled tubes, liners and rings, and sealed withtape or wax, or both.6.2.3 Packers, or add wax to top and bottom of core to sealthe ends of samples within t
29、hin-walled tubes.NOTE 6Plastic expandable packers are preferred. Metal expandablepackers seal equally well; however, long-term storage using metalexpandable packers may cause corrosion problems.6.2.4 Filler Material, used to occupy the voids at the topand bottom of the sediment container. The materi
30、al must beslightly smaller than the inside dimensions of the container andmust be a light-weight, nonabsorbing, nearly incompressiblesubstance. For example, wooden disks of various thicknessesthat have been coated with a waterproofing material can beused.6.2.5 Tape, either waterproof electrical or d
31、uct tape.6.2.6 Cheesecloth or Aluminum Foil, to be used in conjunc-tion with wax for block sample.6.2.7 Sealing Wax, non-shrinking, non-cracking wax, in-cludes microcrystalline wax, beeswax, ceresine, carnaubawax,or combination thereof.NOTE 7The wax must be able to adhere to the container and beduct
32、ile enough not to chip or flake off during handling at cold tempera-tures. Microcrystalline wax alone or in combination with other waxes hasbeen shown to be satisfactory in sealing the ends of cores stored at lowtemperatures.6.2.8 Plastic Wrap, used to prevent the wax from adheringto other objects a
33、nd providing additional protection against soilmoisture loss.6.2.9 Core Storage Boxes.6.2.10 Rope, Cord, or Chains, used to immobilize contain-ers, boxes, or other core storage fixtures aboard ship.6.2.11 Shipboard Refrigeration Equipment, whengeochemical, or gas charged sediments are present or oth
34、erspecial use. Refrigeration may not be needed under somecircumstances, such as coring in shallow water in the tropics.6.3 Equipment for Transporting Cores, used from the shipto a shore-based laboratory facility.6.3.1 PackingMaterial to protect against vibration andshock, includes foam rubber.6.3.2
35、Insulation, if refrigeration is not used, either granule(bead) sheet, or foam type, to resist temperature change of soilor to prevent freezing.6.3.3 Shipping Containers, either box or cylindrical typeand of proper construction to protect against vibration, shock,and the elements. Refer to Practices
36、D 4220.3Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R. B., Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2nd ed.,Wiley, 1967, p. 729.4Johns, M. W., Taylor, E., and Bryant, W. R., “Geotechnical Sampling andTesting of Gas-Charged Marine Sediments at In Situ Pressures,” Geo-MarineLetters, Vol 2, 1982, pp. 231236.5Lee, H. J., “St
37、ate of the Art: Laboratory Determination of the Strength ofMarine Soils,” Strength Testing of Marine Sediments, ASTM STP 883,ASTM, 1985,pp. 181250.D3213082NOTE 8The length, girth, and weight restrictions for commercialtransportation must be considered.6.4 Equipment for Storing Cores, used at the sho
38、re-basedlaboratory facility.6.4.1 Refrigeration Unit, capable of maintaining a tempera-ture close to the in situ condition, see 6.2.11.6.4.2 Core Storage Boxes or Racks, capable of supportingall cores in the vertical orientation in which they wereobtained.NOTE 9An environment that is close to 100 %
39、relative humidity maybe required to minimize sediment water loss during storage of samplesobtained within cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) liners unless they aretotally coated with impervious wax and plastic wrap. Other liner materials,such as polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may be more su
40、itablefor sample storage because of their low water transmissibility.6.5 Equipment for Preparing Specimens, used for laboratorytesting.6.5.1 Thin-Walled Rings, made of stainless steel or othernoncorrosive metal or material, used to obtain samples forconsolidation or permeability testing.NOTE 10The s
41、ampling ring may also be used as the test confiningring. For size and deformation requirements of consolidation test ringsrefer to Test Methods D 2435 and D 4186. Because of the small height todiameter ratio of consolidation samples and due to the nature ofconsolidation testing, the inside clearance
42、 ratio as specified by PracticeD 1587 can be reduced from 1 % to zero. The ring area ratio, Ar, equal to(Do2Di2)/Di2 3 100 (terms are defined in Practice D 1587) should beless than 13 % to minimize subsampling disturbance.66.5.2 Thin-Walled Piston Subsampler, used to obtain triaxialtest specimens fr
43、om soil that quickly deforms under its ownweight if left unsupported (see Fig. 1).NOTE 11To minimize soil disturbance, the sampler wall thicknessshould be the thinnest possible that will adequately obtain a test specimen.The area ratio (see Note 10) should be less than 10 % and the insideclearance r
44、atio (refer to Practice D 1587) should be zero.7. Hazards7.1 Preserving and transporting soil samples may involvepersonnel contact with hazardous materials, operations, andequipment. It is the responsibility of whoever uses thesepractices to consult and establish appropriate safety and healthpractic
45、es and to determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations and requirements prior to use.7.2 Special instructions, descriptions, and marking of con-tainers must accompany and be affixed to any sample containerthat may include radioactive material, toxic chemicals, or otherhazardous materials.7.3
46、 Interstate transportation, containment, storage, and dis-posal of soil samples obtained from certain areas within theUnited States and the transportation of foreign soils into orthrough the United States are subject to regulations establishedby the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and PlantHe
47、alth Service, Plant Protection, and Quarantine Programs,and possibly to regulations of other federal, state, or localagencies.8. Procedure8.1 Shipboard Handling of Soil Cores not Requiring Sub-sampling:8.1.1 Carefully bring soil sampling or coring device aboardship, avoid contact with either the sid
48、e of the ship or moonpole, or dropping the device onto the deck during this process.For drop corers, have an end cap available to prevent materialfrom dropping out.NOTE 12Proper coring and sampling operations may not be possibleduring adverse weather conditions or sea states.8.1.2 Remove liner or co
49、re tube from soil sampling orcoring device.8.1.3 Sealing the Bottom of the Sample Liner:8.1.3.1 Either insert expandable packer and tighten (somesediment may have to be removed) or add wax at top andbottom of core in its tube.8.1.3.2 Apply an end cap and securely tape in place withwaterproof electrical tape or duct tape. If the sample is to bestored for over 2 weeks prior to testing, insure that the tape iscompletely covered with wax by dipping the liner and end capinto a container of melted wax. Cover with plastic wrap priorto storage. Leakage or evaporation of
