1、Designation: D3217/D3217M 15Standard Test Methods forBreaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop orKnot Configurations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3217/D3217M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of thebreaking tenacity of manufactured textile fi
3、bers taken fromfilament yarns, staple, or tow fiber, either crimped oruncrimped, and tested in either a double loop or as a strandformed into a single overhand knot.1.2 Methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of condi-tioned and wet (immersed) fibers in loop and knot form areincluded.1.3 Elongat
4、ion in loop or knot tests has no knownsignificance, and is usually not recorded.1.4 The basic distinction between the procedures describedin these test methods and those included in Test MethodsD2101 is the configuration of the specimen, that is, either as adouble loop or in the configuration of a s
5、ingle overhand knot.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in
6、non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat
7、ions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2101 Test Method for Tensile Proper
8、ties of Single Man-Made Textile Fibers Taken From Yarns and Tows (With-drawn 1995)3D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD3822 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single TextileFibersD4849 Terminology Related to
9、 Yarns and Fibers3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns andFibers, refer to Terminology D4849.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:breaking force, breaking tenacity, linear density for fiber andyarn, manufactured staple fiber, tenacity.3.2 For all other te
10、rminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Single-fiber specimens in the form of a loop as de-scribed in 9.4.1 are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension typetesting machine at a predetermined rate of elongation and thebreaking force is determined.4.2 Singl
11、e-fiber specimens in the form of a knot as de-scribed in 9.4.2 are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension typetesting machine at a predetermined rate of elongation, and thebreaking force is determined.4.3 The breaking tenacity is calculated from the breakingforce registered on the force-elongation c
12、urve and the previ-ously determined linear density.5. Significance and Use5.1 Both the loop breaking tenacity and the knot breakingtenacity, calculated from the breaking force measured underthe conditions specified herein and the linear density of the1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of
13、 ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns andFibers.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3217/D3217M 13.DOI: 10.1520/D3217_D3217M-15.2For referenced A
14、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.ast
15、m.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1fiber, are fundamental properties that are used to establishlimitations on fiber-processing and upon their end-use appli-cations. Physical properties, such as brittleness, not well
16、defined by tests for breaking force and elongation can beestimated from the ratio of breaking tenacity measured in loopor knot tests, or both, and the normal tenacity as measured byTest Method D3822.5.2 This test method is not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments in the absence
17、of reliableinformation on between-laboratory precision (see Note 4). Insome cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing of commercial sh
18、ipments.In such a case, if there is a disagreement arising fromdifferences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplierwhen using this test method for acceptance testing, the statis-tical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser andthe laboratory of the supplier should be determ
19、ined with eachcomparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawnfrom one sample of material of the type being evaluated.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, conforming to SpecificationD76 for Constant-Rate-of-Specimen-Extension-(CRE) typemachines, equipped with provisions fo
20、r breaking fibers im-mersed in a liquid if such tests on a wet specimen are desired.6.2 Clamps, with flat jaws for gripping the fiber specimensdesigned to minimize slippage in the clamps during the tests, or6.2.1 Tabs, of thin plastic or other material for use withcementing techniques, and6.2.2 Ceme
21、nt or AdhesiveThe adhesive must bind the tabto the fiber without affecting an appreciable solution of thelatter or any change in the moisture content of the specimen.6.3 Wetting Agent (0.1 % solution)Use a nonionic aque-ous solution.6.4 Jig, to aid in accurately mounting specimens on tabs atthe spec
22、ified gauge length.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SamplingAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping containers directed inthe applicable material specification or other agreement be-tween the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement touse Practice D3333 or Practice D22
23、58. Consider shippingcontainers to be the primary sampling units.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser or the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween shipping units, between packages, ends, or other laboratorysampling unit within a shipping unit
24、 if applicable, and within specimensfrom a single package, end, or other laboratory sampling unit to providea sampling plan with a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk,acceptable quality level, and limiting quantity level.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, take
25、 at random from each shipping container inthe lot sample the number of laboratory sampling units asdirected in an applicable material specification or other agree-ment between the purchaser and the supplier such as anagreement to use Practice D3333 or Practice D2258.Preferably, the same number of la
26、boratory sampling units aretaken from each shipping container in the lot sample. Ifdiffering numbers of laboratory sampling units are to be takenfrom shipping containers in the lot sample, determine atrandom which shipping containers are to have each number oflaboratory units drawn.7.2.1 For Staple
27、FiberTake 50-g samples from laboratorysampling units.7.2.2 For Sliver (or Top) or TowTake 1 m from theleading end which has a clean, uniform appearance.7.2.3 For YarnsPrepare at least a 50-m skein from eachpackage.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,take ten specimens at random. If
28、the standard deviationdetermined for the ten specimens is more than a value agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier, continue testingin groups of ten specimens from the same laboratory samplingunit in the container until the standard deviation for allspecimens tested is not more than the a
29、greed to value or, byagreement, stop testing after a specified number.7.3.1 Carefully remove twist before taking specimens fromyarn. Using tweezers and grasping the specimens at the ends,gently remove the required number of specimens from thelaboratory sampling units for testing. In some cases, if s
30、peci-mens are not to be tested immediately, place them on anidentified short-pile of plush surface for storage until ready totest.8. Conditioning8.1 Precondition and condition the specimens, as directed inPractice D1776.8.1.1 Specimens that are to be tested wet need not bepreconditioned or condition
31、ed.9. Procedure9.1 Test Conditions:9.1.1 StandardTest the adequately conditioned fibers asdirected in Practice D1776.9.1.2 WetImmerse the specimens in a 0.1 % solution of anonionic wetting agent for a minimum of 2 min before testing.To save time in the tensile testing machine, specimens whosemoduli
32、are not affected by moisture may be immersed inseparate container of solution while other specimens are beingbroken.9.2 Measure and record the individual linear densities of thefibers to be tested as directed in the vibroscope procedure ofTest Methods D1577. Linear density of fibers for wet testingm
33、ust be determined before exposure to wetting bath.9.3 Set the gauge length for a distance of 25 mm 1 in.between the clamps.9.3.1 When tabs are cemented on the ends of the specimens,the specimen gauge length shall be 25 mm 1 in.9.4 Preparation and Mounting of Specimens:NOTE 2The loop force at break t
34、est result may be dependent upon thelevel of twist (see Fig. 1).D3217/D3217M 1529.4.1 LoopForm a double loop using two fiber specimensas shown in Fig. 2. Form a loop in Fiber A. Mount the ends ofthe loop, close together, in one of the clamps. Thread one endof Fiber B through the loop formed in Fiber
35、 A. Mount bothends of Fiber B, close together, in the other clamp removingslack without stretching the fibers. The intersection of the twofibers should be midway between the clamps.9.4.2 KnotForm a single overhand knot in a fiber speci-men as shown in Fig. 3. Mount the specimen with one end ineach o
36、f the clamps, removing slack without stretching the fiber.The knot should be located midway between the clamps. Tabsmay be attached to the fibers to assist in holding the specimens.If tabs are used, they define the nominal gauge length of thefiber specimen and are best located with the aid of a jig.
37、 Besure that the fiber specimen is centered in the clamp, that theclamps are aligned, and that there is no lateral motion of eitherclamp.9.5 Operate the testing machine so that the breaking forcefalls in a range from 20 to 80 % of full-scale capacity, and ata rate of extension of 100 % of the nomina
38、l gauge length perminute (60 % per minute may be used for experimentalpurposes without any significant effect upon the observedbreaking force of the test specimen). Start the machine andextend the specimen to the rupture point.9.5.1 Record which of the fibers in the looped pair breaks, ifonly one fi
39、ber breaks.9.5.2 If more than 5 % of the total number of fibers testedbreak within 5 mm of the clamps, check the clampingmechanism for defects that might cause fiber damage.9.6 Measure straight breaking tenacity as specified in TestMethod D3822 using a 25-mm 1-in. gauge length and 100 %rate of exten
40、sion, if requested.10. Calculation10.1 Loop Breaking TenacityCalculate the loop breakingtenacity of the individual specimens, expressed in millinewtonsper tex or grams-force per tex, using Eq 1:Loop breaking tenacity 5M2L(1)where:M = breaking force, mN gf, andL = linear density of the specific speci
41、men that broke duringthe test, tex.If both fibers break use the average tex.NOTE 3Grams-force per denier or millinewtons per denier may becalculated by using denier rather than tex as the linear density of thespecimens.10.1.1 Calculate the average loop breaking tenacity of allspecimens tested.10.1.2
42、 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient ofvariation, or both, if requested.10.2 Knot Breaking TenacityCalculate the knot breakingtenacity of the individual specimens, in grams-force per tex orin millinewtons per tex, using Eq 2 (Note 3):Knot breaking tenacity 5ML(2)where:M = breaking force,
43、 mN gf, andL = linear density of the specimen, tex.10.2.1 Calculate the average knot breaking tenacity of allspecimens tested.10.2.2 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient, orboth, if requested.10.3 Straight Breaking TenacityCalculate the straightbreaking tenacity of the individual specimen
44、s as directed inTest Methods D2101, if requested.10.3.1 Calculate the average straight breaking tenacity of allthe specimens tested, if requested.FIG. 1 Loop Force at Break as a Function of Twist Level (1680dtex p-aramid)FIG. 2 Loop Specimen ConfigurationFIG. 3 Knot Specimen ConfigurationD3217/D3217
45、M 15310.3.2 Calculate the standard deviation or the coefficient ofvariation, or both, if requested.10.4 Calculate the ratio of breaking tenacities of loop tostraight configurations, if requested.10.5 Calculate the ratio of breaking tenacities of knot tostraight configurations, if requested.11. Repor
46、t11.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethods D3217. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method of sampling used.11.2 Report the following information when applicable:11.2.1 Average breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/tex,11.2.2 Average loop breaking tenacity, gf/tex
47、or mN/tex,11.2.3 Ratio of breaking tenacities of loop to straightconfigurations,11.2.4 Average knot breaking tenacity, gf/tex or mN/tex,11.2.5 Ratio of breaking tenacities in knot to straightconfigurations,11.2.6 Standard deviation or coefficient of variation, orboth, for the properties measured,11.
48、2.7 Rate of extension based on the nominal gauge length,11.2.8 Nominal gauge length used,11.2.9 Twist level used during sample preparation,11.2.10 Make and model of the testing machine used, and11.2.11 Conditions under which the specimens were tested,that is, standard, wet, other.12. Precision and B
49、ias12.1 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory test wasrun in 1969 and 1970 in which samples randomly drawn fromthree materials were tested in each of four laboratories. Eachlaboratory used one operator, each of whom tested 50 speci-mens of each material. The components of variance expressedas coefficients of variation were calculated to be the values inTable 1.12.2 PrecisionFor the components of variance in Table 2,two averages of observed values should be considered signifi-cantly different at the 95 % probability level if the differenceequa
