1、Designation: D 3338 08An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEstimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3338; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method
3、covers the estimation of the net heat ofcombustion (megajoules per kilogram or Btu per pound) ofaviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable toliquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications foraviation gasolines
4、or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels ofgrades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.NOTE 1The experimental data on heat of combustion from which theTest Method D 3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precisionmethod similar to Test Method D 4809.NOTE 2The estimation of the n
5、et heat of combustion of a hydrocar-bon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined classfor which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfurcontents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived fromaccurate experimental measurements on repres
6、entative samples of thatclass. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in errorby large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels usedto establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:Fuels:Aviation gasolineGrades 100/130 and 115/145
7、 (1, 2)2Kerosines, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)Pure hydrocarbonsparaffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (5).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in t
8、hisstandard.1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation ofnet heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI unitsare the preferred units.1.3.2 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated ininch-pound units by Test Method D 1405 or in SI units by TestMethod D 4529. Test Meth
9、od D 1405 requires calculation ofone of four equations dependent on the fuel type with aprecision equivalent to that of this test method. Test MethodD 4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviationfuels with a precision equivalent to that of this test method.Unlike Test Method D 140
10、5 and D 4529, Test Method D 3338does not require the use of aniline point.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
11、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in P
12、etroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 1405 Test Met
13、hod for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPe
14、troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumPr
15、oducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometry1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved
16、 May 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 333805.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome
17、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
18、A 19428-2959, United States.D 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignitio
19、n Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD 6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index Detection2.2 Energy Institute Standard:4IP 436
20、Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index Detection3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg)quantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fu
21、el is burned in a constantvolume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other thanwater, which is condensed to the liquid state.3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg)quantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constantpressure, with all of the products, including water, b
22、einggaseous.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A correlation (6) in inch-pound units has been estab-lished between the net heat of combustion and gravity, aro-matic content, and average volatility of the fuel. This correla-tion was converted to SI units; the relationships are given bythe following equatio
23、ns:Type FuelAll aviation gasolines, aircraft turbine, and jet engine fuelsEquationQp15 16.24G! 2 3.007A! 1 0.01714G 3 V! (1)2 0.2983A 3 G! 1 0.00053A 3 G 3 V! 1 17685or in SI unitsQp25 5528.73 2 92.6499A 1 10.1601T (2)1 0.314169AT/D 1 0.0791707A2 0.00944893T 2 0.000292178AT 1 35.9936where:Qp1= net h
24、eat of combustion, Btu/lb, sulfur-free basis,Qp2= net heat of combustion, MJ/kg, sulfur-free basis,A = aromatics, volume %G = gravity, API,V = volatility: boiling point or average of Test MethodD86or D 2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, F,D = density, kg/m3at 15CT = volatility: boiling point or avera
25、ge of Test MethodD86or D 2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, C.4.2 To correct for the effect of the sulfur content of the fuelon the net heat of combustion, apply the following equation:Q 5 Qp3 1 2 0.01S1!# 1 CS1! (3)where:Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg or Btu/lb, of the fuelcontaining S1weight per
26、cent sulfur,Qp= Qp1(inch-pound units) or Qp2(SI units),S1= sulfur content of the fuel, mass %, andC = 0.10166 (SI units) or 43.7 (inch-pound units) = aconstant based on the thermochemical data on sulfurcompounds.4.3 The empirical equations for the estimated net heat ofcombustion, sulfur-free basis,
27、were derived by stepwise linearregression methods using data from 241 fuels, most of whichconform to specifications for aviation gasolines and aircraftturbine or jet engine fuels.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in caseswhere experimental determination of he
28、at of combustion is notavailable and cannot be made conveniently and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as asubstitute for experimental measurements of heat of combus-tion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variableused in developing the correlation. The mean
29、 value and anestimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standarddeviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the meandensity for all fuels used in developing the correlation was779.3 kg/m3and that two thirds of the samples had a densitybetween 721.4 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, p
30、lus or minus onestandard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when thevalues of the variables used are within one standard deviationof the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of themean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to otherhydrocarbon distillates and pure hydro
31、carbons; however, onlylimited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of thevariables were included in the correlation.NOTE 3The procedures for the experimental determination of thegross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D 240and D 4809.5.2 The calorimetric methods c
32、ited in Note 3 measure grossheat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraftcalculations because all combustion products are in the gaseousstate. This calculation method is based on net heat, but acorrection is required for condensed sulfur compounds.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New
33、 Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.TABLE 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of the VariablesVariable MeanStandardDeviationAromatics, volume % 13.5 23.9Density, kg/m3(API) 779.3 (50.0) 58.0 (13.5)Volatility, C (F) 171.11 (340) 57.2 (103)Heat of combustion, MJ/kg (Btu/lb) 43.
34、421 (18 668) 0.862 (371)D33380826. Procedure6.1 Determine the aromatic content of the fuel to the nearest0.1 % vol as described in Test Method D 1319.6.1.1 Test Method D 6379 or IP 436 may be used as analternative to Test Method D 1319 for determining fuel aro-matics content for use in this test met
35、hod.6.1.2 If Test Method D 6379 or IP 436 is used, multiply thetotal aromatics content in vol% by 25/26.5 (=0.9434), and usethis corrected value in place of aromatics determined by TestMethod D 1319 in Eq 2.6.2 Determine the density at 15C or the API gravity of thefuel to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3or 0.1
36、 API as described in TestMethod D 1298 or in Test Method D 4052.6.3 Determine the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % boiling points ofthe fuel to the nearest 1C or 1F as described in Test MethodD86. Average these three temperatures to obtain the T value(C) or the V value (F) used in the equations of 4.1. For a pu
37、rehydrocarbon, T or V is the normal boiling point.6.3.1 Test Method D 2887 may be used as an alternative toTest Method D86for determining fuel volatility for use in thistest method. The average of the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % boilingpoints determined by Test Method D 2887 may be used directlyin place of
38、 the corresponding average determined by TestMethod D86.6.4 Determine the sulfur content of the fuel to the nearest0.02 % sulfur as described in Test Methods D 1266, D 1552,D 2622, D 3120, D 4294,orD 5453, depending upon thevolatility of the sample.7. Calculation and Report7.1 SI Units:7.1.1 Calcula
39、te the net heat of combustion, sulfur-free basis,using Eq 2 of 4.1. Round the value obtained to the nearestone-thousandth.Example:Sample: KerosineDetermined Values:Aromatics, A = 12.5 % volumeDensity, D = 805.0 kg/m3DistillationT105 203C (4)T505 233CT905 245CT 5 203 1 233 1 245!/3 5 227CCalculated V
40、alue: A 3 T 5 2837.5 (5)Substituting into Eq 2 in 4.1:Qp25 5528.73 2 92.649912.5! 1 10.1601227! (6)1 0.3141692837.5!#/805.0 1 0.079170712.5!2 0.00944893227! 2 0.0002921782837.5!1 35.9936Qp25 43.411015 5 43.411 MJ/kg, sulfur2free basis (7)7.1.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion corrected for thesu
41、lfur content of the fuel using Eq 3 of 4.2. Round the valueobtained to the nearest one-thousandth.Example: Qp2= 43.411 MJ/kgDetermined Value: Sulfur, S1= 0.10 mass %Substituting into Eq 3 in 4.2:Q 5 43.4111 2 0.010.1!# 1 0.101660.1! (8)Q 5 43.3778 5 43.378 MJ/kg (9)7.2 Inch-Pound Units:7.2.1 Calcula
42、te the net heat of combustion, sulfur-free basis,using Eq 1 in 4.1. Round the value obtained to the nearestinteger.Example:Sample: KerosineDetermined Values:Aromatics, A = 12.5 % volumeGravity, G = 44.2 APIDistillationT105 398F (10)T505 451FT905 473FT 5 398 1 451 1 473!/3 5 440.7FCalculated Values:G
43、 3 V 5 19 478.9 (11)A 3 G 5 552.5 (12)A 3 G 3 V 5 243486.8 (13)Substituting into Eq 1 in 4.1:Qp15 16.2444.2! 2 3.00712.5! 1 (14)0.0171419 478.9! 2 0.2983552.5! 10.00053243 486.8! 1 17 685Qp15 18 663.3 5 18 663 Btu/lb, sulfur2free basis (15)7.2.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion corrected for the
44、sulfur content of the fuel and round the value obtained to thenearest integer.Example: Qp1= 18 663 Btu/lbDetermined Value: Sulfur, S1= 0.10 mass %Q 5 18 6631 2 0.010.1!# 1 43.70.1! (16)Q 5 18 648.7 5 18 649 Btu/lb (17)8. Report8.1 Report the result from 7.1 to the nearest one-thousandthas net heat o
45、f combustion of the fuel in megajoules perkilogram or from 7.2 to the nearest integer as net heat ofcombustion of the fuel in Btu per pound.9. Precision and Bias59.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of estimated net heat of combustion results (95 %confidence):9.1.1
46、RepeatabilityThe difference between successive re-sults obtained by the same operator (using a second set ofmeasured values for aromatics content, density, and distillationdata) on identical test material would, in the long run, in thenormal and correct use of the test method, exceed the followingva
47、lues (sulfur-free basis) in only one case in twenty.Repeatability 5 0.021 MJ/kg or 9 Btu/lb5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1183.D33380839.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent r
48、esults obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, exceed the following values in only one case intwenty.Reproducibility 5 0.046 MJ/kg or 20 Btu/lbNOTE 4The repeatability and reproducibility stated above is based onthe summatio
49、n of the repeatability and reproducibility of the test methodsused in the calculations. It does not include the effect of the scatter of theoriginal data about the regression line, described by Eq 1 and Eq 2.Therefore, the possibility that individual estimates may be in error inexcess of the above precision should be recognized.9.2 BiasThe correlation described by this test method isbased on data obtained with methods equivalent to TestMethod D 4809 and the data scatter is described by Table 1.However, no statement on b
