1、Designation: D3343 05 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forEstimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3343; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the esti
3、mation of the hydrogencontent (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraftturbine and jet engine fuels.1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquidhydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of speci-fications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet enginefuel
4、s of types Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.NOTE 1The procedure for the experimental determination of hydro-gen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018 andD3701.NOTE 2The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuelis justifiable only when the fuel belo
5、ngs to a well-defined class for whicha relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range,density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimen-tal measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in thiscase, the possibility that the estimates may be in er
6、ror by large amounts forindividual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish thecorrelation presented in this test method are defined by the followingspecifications:Fuel SpecificationAviation gasolines D910Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuelsJP-4 and JP-5 MIL-T-5624JP-6 MIL-J-25056 (O
7、bsolete)JP-7 MIL-T-38219Jet A D1655Miscellaneous hydrocarbonsNo. 2 Diesel fuelKerosine distillates (similar to Jet A)Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbonsand special high-temperature fue
8、ls (HTF) produced for Air Force tests.Pure hydrocarbons1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibil
9、ityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD910 Spec
10、ification for Leaded Aviation GasolinesD1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-leum Products by Fl
11、uorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear MagneticResonance Spectrometry2.2 Milita
12、ry Standards:MIL-T-5624 Specification for Turbine Fuel,Aviation, GradeJP-4 and JP-53MIL-J-25056 Specification for Turbine Fuel, Grade JP-63MIL-T-38219 Specification for Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility,JP-733. Summary of Test Method3.1 A correlation4has been established between the hydro-gen content of
13、a fuel and its distillation range, API gravity, andaromatic content. This relationship is given by the followingequations:Type fuelAll aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine fuels1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and
14、 is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D3343 05 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/D3343-05R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
15、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents, Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA
16、 19111-5094, ATTN: NPODS.4Bert, J. A., and Painter, L. J., “Method for Calculating Hydrogen Content ofAviation Fuels,” Chevron Research Co., Richmond, CA, Jan. 12, 1973.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1%H5 0.06317G 2 0.
17、041089A10.000072135AV (1)10.00005684GV 2 0.0004960GA110.56or in SI Units,5%H5 9201.2114.49T 2 70.22A!/D (2)10.02652A10.0001298AT20.013 47T12.003where:% H = mass percent hydrogen;G = gravity, API;A = volume percent aromatics;V = average of 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % distillation data,F (using Test Method D
18、86);T = average of 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % distillation data,C; andD = density in kg/m3at 15 C.3.2 Eq 1 was empirically derived for the mass percenthydrogen by the method of least squares from accurate data onfuels using inch-pound units of measurement. Eq 2 was deriveddirectly from Eq 1 by simply conv
19、erting from inch-pound to SIunits of measurement.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in casesin which an experimental determination of hydrogen content isnot available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of eachvariable used in developing the correlation. Th
20、e mean valueand its distribution about the mean, namely the standarddeviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the meandensity for all fuels used in developing the correlation was783.5 kg m3and that two thirds of the samples had a densitybetween 733.2 kg m3and 841.3 kg m3, that is, plus
21、and minusone standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate whenthe values of the variables to be used in the equation are withinone standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to twostandard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlationmay be applicable to other hydrocarbon distill
22、ates similar toaviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels wereincluded in the correlation.4.2 Hydrogen content is required to correct gross heat ofcombustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used inaircraft calculation because all combustion products are in thegaseous state, bu
23、t experimental methods measure gross heat.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the density or the API gravity of the fuelsample as described in Practice D1298 API 2547IP 160.5.2 Determine the temperatures at which 10 %, 50 %, and90 % of the fuel are recovered using Test Method D86IP 123or Test Method D2887IP 4
24、06. Average these three tempera-tures to obtain the T value (in C) or the V value (in F) usedin the equations of 3.1.NOTE 3Distillation data (10 %, 50 %, and 90 %) obtained by TestMethod D2887 are not equivalent to the same data obtained by TestMethod D86. However, as the 50 % temperatures are appro
25、ximately equal,and the 90 % delta is similar in magnitude and opposite in sign to the 10 %delta, the average of the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % temperatures by either testmethod may be used to estimate hydrogen content by Test Method D3343.5.3 Determine the aromatic volume percent of the sampleusing Test M
26、ethod D1319IP 156.6. Calculation and Report6.1 Inch-Pound UnitsCalculate the percent hydrogen ofthe sample using Eq 1 in 3.1. Round the value obtained to thenearest 0.01 %.Example: Sample: Aviation kerosine fuelDetermined Values:API gravity, G =44Aromatic volume percent, A =12Average distillation te
27、mperature, V = 400 F (10 % = 350 F,50 % = 390 F, 90 % = 460 F; V = (350 + 390 + 460)/3 =400 FUsing Eq 1 in 3.1:%H5 0.0631744! 2 0.04108912!1 (3)0.00007213512!400!10.0000568444!400!20.000496044!12!110.56%H5 13.9311 5 13.936.2 SI UnitsCalculate the percent hydrogen of the sampleusing Eq 2 of 3.1. Roun
28、d the value obtained to the nearest0.01 %.Example: Sample: Aviation kerosine fuelDetermined Values:Density, D = 805.9 kg/m3Aromatics, volume %, A =12Average distillation temperature, T = 205 C (10 % =178 C, 50 % = 200 C, 90 % = 237 C, T = (178 + 200 +237)/3 = 205 C)Using Eq 2 in 3.1.%H5 9201.2 1 14.
29、49 205! 2 (4)70.22 12!#/805.910.0265212!10.000129812!205! 2 0.01347205!12.003%H5 13.9367 5 13.945Supporting data (conversion of Eq 1 to SI units) have been filed at ASTMInternational Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research ReportRR:D02-1266.TABLE 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of the
30、VariablesVariable MeanStandardDeviationAromatics, volume, % 14.1 21.6Density, kg/m3(API) 783 (49.1) 54 (12.4)Volatility, C (F) 178 (352) 53 (96)Mass percent hydrogen 14.1 1.3D3343 05 (2015)26.3 An alternative method for calculating the percent hy-drogen is by summing the values of F1(H2) and F2(H2)d
31、etermined from the nomographs in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2,respectively.6.3.1 Determine the F1(H2) value using the nomograph ofFig. 1. Enter the nomograph at the abscissa with the density orthe API gravity value, then move vertically upward to thevolume percent aromatics line, and then move horizontally tot
32、he left and read off the value of F1(H2).6.3.2 Determine the F2(H2) value using the nomograph ofFig. 2. Enter the nomograph at the left ordinate using thedensity or theAPI gravity. Move horizontally to the right to thevolume percent aromatics line, then vertically downward to theaverage boiling poin
33、t line (average of the 10 %, 50 %, and90 % distillation temperatures) using either F or C, and thenhorizontally to the right ordinate and read the F2(H2) value.6.3.3 Sum the F1(H2) and the F2(H2) values to obtain theestimated hydrogen content in mass percent.6.4 Report the result from 6.1, 6.2,or6.3
34、 to the nearest0.01 % as weight percent of hydrogen of the fuel sample.7. Precision and Bias67.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of estimated hydrogen content results (95 %confidence):7.1.1 RepeatabilityDuplicate results by the same operator(using a second set of m
35、easured values for aromatics content,density, and distillation data) should be considered suspect ifthe calculated hydrogen content values differ by more than thefollowing amount:Repeatability 5 0.03% (5)7.1.2 ReproducibilityWith two independent laboratoriesmaking independent measurements of the den
36、sity, aromaticscontent, and distillation data for an identical fuel sample, thecalculated hydrogen content values should not be consideredsuspect unless they differ by more than the following amount:Reproducibility 5 0.10% (6)6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and ma
37、ybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1184.FIG. 1 Nomogram for Determining F1(H2)D3343 05 (2015)37.2 BiasThe correlation equation was developed using331 fuels, 247 of which were aviation fuels (or similar thereto)and 84 of which were pure hydrocarbons, commercial productsof nearly pure h
38、ydrocarbons, and special high-temperaturefuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests. The standard error ofestimate for the hydrogen content of all fuels is 0.20 % and foraviation type fuels is 0.16 %.NOTE 4The repeatability and reproducibility stated in this section isbased on the summation of the rep
39、eatability and reproducibility of the testmethods used in the calculations. It does not include the effect of thescatter of the original data about the regression line, described by Eq 1 andEq 2. Therefore, the possibility that individual estimates may be in errorin excess of the precision discussed
40、 in this section should be recognized.8. Keywords8.1 aviation fuels; hydrogen contentFIG. 2 Nomogram for Determining F2(H2)D3343 05 (2015)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this s
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44、959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 05 (2015)5
