1、Designation: D 3354 04Standard Test Method forBlocking Load of Plastic Film by the Parallel Plate Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3354; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method yields quantitative information regard-ing the degree of blocking (unwanted adhesion) existingbetween laye
3、rs of plastic film. It is not intended to measuresusceptibility to blocking.1.2 By this procedure, the film-to-film adhesion, expressedas a blocking load in grams, will cause two layers of film withan area of contact of 100 cm2to separate. The test method islimited to a maximum load of 200 g.1.3 The
4、 values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in brackets are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
5、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1This test method is similar to ISO 11502 Method B, but is nottechnically equivalent.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 883 Terminology
6、Relating to PlasticsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 11502 Determination of Blocking Resistance33. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 883.4. Summary
7、of Test Method4.1 Two pieces of film, which are in contact with each other,are placed between two 100-mm 4-in. square blocks. Theends of the films that extend past the blocks are secured to therespective upper and lower block. The force required toovercome the adhesion (blocking force) between the t
8、wopieces of film or until they reach 1.9 cm of separation ismeasured in grams using a constant-rate-of-load or a constant-rate-of separation device.5. Significance and Use5.1 Blocking develops in film processing and storage whenlayers of smooth film are in intimate contact with nearlycomplete exclus
9、ion of air. Temperature, or pressure, or both,can induce or change the degree of adhesion of the surfaces.5.2 The procedure of this test method closely simulates theoperation of separating film in some end-use applications.6. Apparatus6.1 The parallel block faces shall be square and 100 6 0.1mm (on
10、each edge with a flat and slightly knurled or sand-blasted finish of root mean square 125). A means must beprovided to prevent the blocks from sliding when they are incontact during loading.6.2 Constant-Rate-of-Load Device4:6.2.1 An instrument with 100-cm24-in.2 blocks whichelectronically times a lo
11、ading rate of 90 grams per minute (61)(see Fig. 1). The force required to separate the blocks isdisplayed electronically.NOTE 2On some constant-rate-of load devices, the weight is added bymoving a weight axially along the beam with a precision-drive system.This may be accomplished using a stepper mo
12、tor with a digital steppingdrive with 60 cycles as its reference control. The load rate must be 90grams per minute.6.3 Constant-Rate-of-Separation Testing DeviceA testingmachine of the constant-rate-of crosshead-movement type andcomprising essentially the following:6.3.1 Fixed MemberA fixed or essen
13、tially stationarymember carrying one aluminum block 100 by 100 6 1mmwith appropriate rigid adapter for mounting in a universaltesting machine.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting.Curr
14、ent edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 3354 - 96.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4The sole source of supply of the electro mechanical apparatus known to thecommittee at this time is Kayeness, Inc.,
16、 East Main St., Honeybrook, PA 19344. Ifyou are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.1Copyright ASTM International,
17、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.3.2 Movable MemberA movable member carrying asecond aluminum block 100 by 100 6 1 mm with rigidcoupling for mounting in a universal testing machine.6.3.3 Drive MechanismA drive mechanism for impartingto the movable
18、 member a uniform, controlled velocity withrespect to the stationary member. The speed of testing, 51mm/min, is the rate of separation of the two blocks whenrunning idle (under no load). This rate of separation shall bemaintained within 5 % of the no-load value when runningunder full-capacity load.6
19、.3.4 Load IndicatorA suitable load-indicating mecha-nism capable of showing the tensile load, the greater of 1 % ofthe indicated force or 5 grams, carried by the test specimenheld by the block.6.4 Accessory EquipmentMay include a 100 by 180-mmtemplate or die, double-faced pressure-sensitive tape.7.
20、Test Specimens7.1 Cut unseparated test specimens with a 100 by 180-mmtemplate with the longer length being in the machine direction.Due to variations in gage and blocking tendencies, it isdesirable to select several sample locations across the width ofthe film. Five specimens shall be tested. If the
21、 test specimensare taken from a roll, care should be taken that the roll is ingood condition. Best results are obtained when specimens aretaken at least 25 mm below the outer surface of film rolls.8. Conditioning8.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimens at 23 62C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 5 % relative
22、 humidity for not lessthan 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A ofPractice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required.In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61C61.8F and 62 % relative humidity.8.2 Test ConditionsConduct tests in the standard labora-tory atmosphere
23、of 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F and 50 6 5%relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the applicableASTM material specification. In cases of disagreements, thetolerances shall be 61C 61.8F and 62 % relative humid-ity.Procedures9. Procedure AConstant-Rate-of-Load Device9.1 Place double-coated tape over
24、two parallel small facesof each aluminum block, or place the holding magnets on theblocks as if a sample were being mounted.9.2 Operate the instrument several times, then determine theaverage of three “block” determinations as “test tare.”9.3 Gently place the un-separated film specimen betweenthe tw
25、o plates with approximately 38 mm of film protrudingfrom each end of the plate. Place both plates in contact with thefilm aligned with each other. Clamp the plates together with thepositioning clamp on the side. When the plates are broughttogether, do not slide them sideways because this couldpossib
26、ly break the block between the film specimens.9.4 Carefully separate the edges of the film and stick bothprotruding edges of the top film to the top plate and the bottomfilm edges to the bottom plate using the double-faced, pressure-sensitive tape, or holding magnets.9.5 When the film is in place, g
27、ently release the positioningclamp. Push the “on” switch. It will automatically stop whenthe films separate or reach 19 mm separation.9.6 Subtract the tare value from the average load shown ondigital display and record this value.9.7 Measure and record the thickness of both the upper andlower layers
28、 of the film.9.8 Repeat the test five times using different specimens.10. Procedure BConstant-Rate-of-Separation Device10.1 Adjust the crosshead speed to 5.1 mm per minute(65 %).10.2 Using a wide knife blade or spatula, lift the filmspecimen and transfer it carefully to a symmetrical position onthe
29、lower block with its long ends overlapping the blockequally on each side.10.3 Move the crosshead of the testing machine until theupper block is resting on the film specimen and is directlyabove the lower plate.10.4 Carefully separate the ends of the double layer of filmusing the sharp edge of the kn
30、ife blade, and peel back to theedges of the blocks on each side.10.5 Tape the two ends of the upper layer of film to theupper block, and the two ends of the lower layer of the film tothe lower block. Extend the tape an inch around the corners toFIG. 1 Electro-Mechanical DeviceD3354042the front and r
31、ear of the blocks so that the ends of the films aresecurely fastened to the appropriate blocks. Do not otherwisedisturb the film or plates during this operation.10.6 Start the crosshead travel and allow the testing ma-chine to record the force required to completely separate thetwo layers of films o
32、r until 1.9 cm of separation. As the testproceeds, the force acting on the films will vary as the twofilms arch out, away from the blocks, and peel apart.10.7 Record the average load in grams.10.8 Measure and record the thickness of both the upper andlower layers of the film.10.9 Repeat the test fiv
33、e times using different specimens.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Average load in grams of five test specimens as theblocking load of the sample.11.1.2 Complete identification of film tested, including type,source, film thickness, process of manufacture, age, and anyother pert
34、inent facts.11.1.3 Date of test.11.1.4 Conditioning and testing environment, if differentfrom those recommended in Section 8.12. Precision and Bias512.1 PrecisionTable 1 is based on round robins conductedin 1986 and 1987 in accordance with Practice E 691, involvingsix materials tested by six laborat
35、ories. For each material, allsamples were prepared at one source, but the individualspecimens were prepared at the laboratories that tested them.Each test result was the average of five individual determina-tions. Each laboratory obtained two test results for eachmaterial. (WarningThe explanations o
36、f r and R (12.2-12.2.3) are only intended to present a meaningful way ofconsidering the approximate precision of this test method. Thedata presented in Table 1 should not be applied to acceptanceor rejection of materials, as these data apply only to thematerials tested in the round robin and are unl
37、ikely to berigorously representative of other lots, formulations, condi-tions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this test methodshould apply the principles outlined in Practice E 691 togenerate data specific to their materials and laboratory (orbetween specific laboratories). The principles of 1
38、2.2-12.2.3would then be valid for such data.)12.2 Concept of r and R in Table 1If Srand SRhave beencalculated from a large enough body of data, and for test resultsthat were averages from testing five specimens for each testresult, then:12.2.1 Repeatability, r, is the interval representing thecritic
39、al difference between two test results for the samematerial, obtained by the same operator using the sameequipment on the same day in the same laboratory. Two testresults shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by morethan the r value for that material.12.2.2 Reproducibility, R, is the interva
40、l representing thecritical difference between two test results for the material,obtained by different operators using different equipment indifferent laboratories, not necessarily on the same day. Two testresults shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by morethan the R value for that material
41、.12.2.3 Any judgment in accordance with 12.2.1 or 12.2.2would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of beingcorrect.12.3 BiasThere are no recognized standards by which toestimate the bias of this test method.13. Keywords13.1 blocking; plasticsASTM International takes no position respecting the
42、 validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is
43、 subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Hea
44、dquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This st
45、andard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or
46、serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).5Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D20-1041 and D20-1143.TABLE 1 BlockingMaterial Average SrASRBrCRD4 7.89 0.60 1.36 1.69 3.646 11.5 1.75 2.27 4.97 6.431 30.0 3.30 5.08 9.35 14.45 47.3 5.70 5.70 16.1
47、16.13 71.2 3.89 6.89 11.0 19.52 148 2.36 13.4 6.69 37.9ASr= within-laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It isobtained by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test result fromall of the participating laboratories:Sr5 Sl!21 S2!2.1 Sn!2#/n(1)BSR= between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as standard deviation:SR5 Sr21 SL2#(2)where:SL= standard deviation of laboratory means.Cr = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Sr.DR = between-laboratories critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 SR.D3354043
