1、Designation: D3361/D3361M 13 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forUnfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint andRelated Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3361/D3361M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions foraccelerated exposure testin
3、g of coatings and related products inunfiltered open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted accordingto Practice G151 and G152. This practice also covers thepreparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited forcoatings, and the evaluation of test results.1.2 This practice covers unfiltered open-
4、flame carbon-arcexposures of paints and related coatings, and covers theexposure cycle that has been commonly referred to as the “dewcycle.” Practice D822/D822M describes filtered open-flamecarbon-arc devices, and Practice D5031/D5031M describesenclosed carbon-arc exposures. The radiation from an un
5、fil-tered open-flame carbon arc produces shorter wavelengths andhigher levels of short wavelength radiation than either filteredopen-flame or enclosed carbon arcs.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system ma
6、y not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsib
7、ility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization
8、 established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels inWeathe
9、ring Tests of Coatings (Withdrawn 2014)3D523 Test Method for Specular GlossD609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, andRelated Coating ProductsD610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on PaintedSteel SurfacesD659 Method for Evalu
10、ating Degree of Chalking of ExteriorPaints (Withdrawn 1990)3D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking ofExterior PaintsD662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion ofExterior PaintsD714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering ofPaintsD772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Fl
11、aking (Scal-ing) of Exterior PaintsD822/D822M Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-ArcExposures of Paint and Related CoatingsD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test PanelsD1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Org
12、anic Coatings Using MicrometersD1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement ofDry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied toa Ferrous Base (Withdrawn 2006)3D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to aNonferrous Metal Base (W
13、ithdrawn 2006)3D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum andAluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, M
14、aterials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3361/D3361M 13.DOI: 10.1520/D3361_D3361M-13R18.2For refere
15、nced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onw
16、ww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopm
17、ent of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visu
18、al Color Differ-ence With a Gray ScaleD3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint andRelated Materials (Withdrawn 1998)3D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalkingof Exterior Paint FilmsD5031/D5031M Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Expo-sure Tests of Paint and Related CoatingsD5
19、870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index ofPlasticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial
20、Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel-erated
21、 Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods toWeathering Tests3. Terminology3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are appli-cable t
22、o this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration ofits physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light,heat, and water can be very significant for many applications.This practice is intended to induce property changes associatedwith end
23、-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight,moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is notintended to simulate the deterioration caused by localizedweather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biologicalattack, and saltwater exposure.4.2 CautionsVariation in results may be
24、expected whendifferent operating conditions are used. Therefore, no referenceto the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied bya report prepared according to Section 10 that describes thespecific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 fordetailed information on the caveats ap
25、plicable to use of resultsobtained according to this practice.NOTE 1Additional information on sources of variability and onstrategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and dataanalysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.4.2.1 The spectral power distrib
26、ution of light from anunfiltered open-flame carbon arc is significantly different fromthat produced in light and water exposure devices using othercarbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type andrate of degradation and the performance rankings produced byexposures to unfiltered open-fl
27、ame carbon-arcs can be muchdifferent from that produced by exposures to other types oflaboratory light sources. Typically, exposures conducted ac-cording to this practice will produce degradation faster thansimilar exposures conducted in accordance with Practice D822/D822M or D5031/D5031M and may ca
28、use different types ofdegradation.4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when alllaboratories use the same type of carbon-arc and exposureconditions.4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories hasbeen shown to be good when the stability of materials isevaluated in terms of per
29、formance ranking compared to othermaterials or to a control.4,5Therefore, exposure of a similarmaterial of known performance (a control) at the same time asthe test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommendedthat at least three replicates of each material be exposed toallow for statistical
30、evaluation of results.4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken tooperate the equipment in accordance with Practice G152.Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedomfrom salt or other deposits from water, temperature andhumidity control, and conditions of the electr
31、odes.4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with thispractice must include a complete description of the test cycleused.5. Apparatus5.1 Use filtered open-flame carbon-arc apparatus with auto-matic humidity control that conforms to the requirementsdefined in Practices G151 and G152.5.2 Do not
32、place any filters between the open flame carbonarc and the test specimens.6. Hazards6.1 WarningIn addition to other precautions, never lookdirectly at the carbon arc because UV radiation can damage theeye. Most carbon-arc machines are equipped with door safetyswitches, but users of old equipment mus
33、t be certain to turn offthe power to the carbon arc before opening the test-chamberdoor.6.2 This light source generates ozone and nitrous oxides.Vent exhaust from the exposure device to the atmosphere.6.3 The burning carbon rods used in these devices becomevery hot during use. Make sure to allow at
34、least 15 min for thearcs to cool after the device is turned off before attempting tochange the carbon rods.6.4 Carbon residue and ash are known respiratory irritants.Wear an appropriate high-efficiency dust respirator, gloves, and4Fischer, R., “Results of Round Robin Studies of Light- and Water-Expo
35、sureStandard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of OrganicMaterials, ASTM STP 1202, ASTM, 1993.5Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Reference MaterialsinAccelerated Durability Tests,” VAMAS Technical Report No. 30, NIST, June 1997.D3361/D3361M 13 (2018)2safe
36、ty glasses when handling or changing carbon rods. Makesure to wash any carbon residue from hands or arms prior toeating or drinking.7. Test Specimens7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with thesubstrate, method of preparation, method of application, coat-ing system, film thickness, and meth
37、od of drying consistentwith the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed uponbetween the producer and user.7.2 Panel specifications and methods of preparation includebut are not limited to Practices D609 or D1730, or Specifica-tion D358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposureapparat
38、us.7.3 Coat test panels in accordance with Test Methods D823,then measure the film thickness in accordance with an appro-priate procedure selected from Test Methods D1005, D1186,orD1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred because panelsso measured need not be repaired.7.4 Prior to exposing coated
39、panels in the apparatus, condi-tion them at 23 6 2C 73 6 3F and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity for one of the following periods in accordance withthe type of coating:Baked coatings 24 hRadiation-cured coatings 24 hAll other coatings 7 days min7.4.1 Other procedures for preparation of test specimensmay be
40、 used if agreed upon by all interested parties.7.5 Mount specimens in holders so that only the minimumspecimen area required for support by the holder is covered.Do not use this covered area of the specimen as part of the testarea.7.6 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three repli-cate spec
41、imens of each test and control material.7.7 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 foridentification and conditioning and handling of specimens oftest, control, and reference materials prior to, during, and afterexposure.7.8 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose ofshowing on o
42、ne panel the effects of various exposure times.Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since themasked portion of the specimen is still exposed to temperatureand humidity cycles that in many cases will affect results.7.9 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of allmaterials evaluate
43、d.7.9.1 When destructive tests are run, it is recommended thata sufficient number of file specimens be retained so that theproperty of interest can be determined on unexposed filespecimens each time exposed materials are evaluated.NOTE 2Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time-depen
44、dent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, orwhere small differences in the order of acceptable limits are anticipated,comparison of exposed specimens with the file specimen may not be valid.Nondestructive instrumental measurements are recommended wheneverpossible.7.10 Specimens
45、 should not ordinarily be removed from theexposure apparatus for more than 24 h, then returned foradditional tests, since this does not produce the same results onall materials as tests run without this type of interruption. Whenspecimens are removed from the exposure apparatus for 24 h ormore, then
46、 returned for additional exposure, report the elapsedtime as noted under Section 10.8. Procedure8.1 Unless otherwise specified, operate the device using thefollowing exposure cycle so that the allowable deviations aboutthe set points given with each set point below are within thespecified limits spe
47、cified in the corresponding entry. If theactual operating conditions do not agree with the machinesettings after the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the testand correct the cause of the disagreement before continuing.NOTE 3Each set point and the corresponding operational fluctuationsgiven in t
48、his section represent an operational control point for equilibriumconditions at a single location in the cabinet, which may not necessarilyrepresent the uniformity of those conditions throughout the cabinet.ASTM Committee G03 is working to refine these operational fluctuationsand address the uniform
49、ity issue.NOTE 4Set points and operational fluctuations are listed as set point6 operational fluctuation in this standard. They are sometimes listed inseparate columns. The set point is the target condition for the sensor usedat the operational control point as programmed by the user. Operationalfluctuations are deviations from the indicated set point at the control pointindicated by the readout of the calibrated control sensor during equilib-rium operation and do not include measurement uncertainty. At theoperational control point, the operational fluctuation can exceed n
