1、Designation: D 3376 88 (Reapproved 2005)An American National StandardStandard Test Methods ofSampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufactureof Electrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing ofce
3、llulosic pulps for use in the manufacture of electricalinsulating papers and boards or in the direct application of pulpfibers as insulation to electrical conductors.NOTE 1The significance of any one pulp property test method, as setforth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on the
4、product made from the pulp.1.2 Sections on Reagents, Sampling, and Report are integralparts of each of the individual test methods that follow.1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure ofeither a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheetformed from the pulp.1.3.1 Bulk charact
5、eristics determinable by these proceduresappear in the following sections:ProcedureSec-tionsASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceAqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D 202 .Aqueous Extract pH 10 and11D 202 .Aqueous Extractable Acidity-Alkalinity12 and13D 202 .Analysis of Ash for Cations byAtomic A
6、bsorption Spectro-photometry73-81 D 1193 and D 2576 .Ash Content 82-85 D 202 T 413Dirt in Pulp 42 and43. T 213Fiber Analysis 24 and25D 202 and D 1030 .Fiber Length of Pulp 44 and45. T 232,T 233Freeness (Canadian StandardFreeness)56 and57. T 227Kappa Number/PermanganateNumber (Substances Oxi-dizable
7、by Permanganate)28 and29. T 236,UM 251Laboratory Processing of Pulp(Beater Method)54 and55. T 200Moisture in Pulp 32-34 . T 210Neutral Aqueous ExtractableHardness in Pulp16-23 D 202, D 1126, andD 2576.Pentosan Content of Pulp 30 and31. T 223Resistance of Pulp to Disinte-gration (Standard RPG)46-53 .
8、 T 239,UM 252Shive Count 35-41 . .Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 26 and27D 202 .Tensile Properties 68-72 D 202 .Water-Extractable Chlorides 14 and15D 202 .1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these pro-cedures appear in the following sections:ProcedureSec-tionASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMetho
9、dReferenceAir Resistance (Porosity) 60 and61D 202 T 205Apparent Density 66 and67D 202 T 205Bursting Strength 62 and63D 202 and D 774 T 205Folding Endurance (M.I.T.) 54 and55D 202 and D 2176 T 205Forming Handsheets forPhysical Tests of Pulp58 and59. T 205Tensile Strength 68 and69D 202 and D 828 T 205
10、NOTE 2Methods for Ash, Silica, selected cations from Ash, HeatStability, a, b, and g Cellulose, Viscosity, Total Chlorine, Tear, andDissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity, will be considered foraddition as methods are developed.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandar
11、d. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approved Sept
12、 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D3776 88 (2000).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety co
13、ncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 202 Test Methods for Sampling and T
14、esting UntreatedPaper Used for Electrical InsulationD 774 Test Method for Bursting Strength of PaperD 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation ApparatusD 1030 Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paper-boardD 1126 Test Method for Hardness
15、 in WaterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theM.I.T. TesterD 2576 Test Method for Metals in Water and Waste Waterby Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometryD 3376 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Pulps to beUsed in the Manufacture of Electrica
16、l InsulationE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 TAPPI Standards:3T 200 Laboratory Processing of Pulp (Beater Method)T 205 Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of PulpT 210 Weighing, Sampling, and Testing Pulp for MoistureT 213 Dirt i
17、n PulpT 221 Drainage Time of PulpT 223 Pentosans in Wood and PulpT 227 Freeness of PulpT 232 Fiber Length of Pulp by ProjectionT 233 Fiber Length of Pulp by ClassificationT 236 Kappa Number of PulpT 413 Ash in Paper and PaperboardT 445 Identification of Specks and Spots in PaperT 1002 Drainage Time
18、for Insulating BoardUM 203 Freeness of Pulp (William Tester)UM 251 Permanganate Number of PulpUM 252 Resistance of Pulp and Paper Stock to Disintegra-tion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 pulp, na fibrous material that is made by chemicalor mechanical treatment,
19、or both, of wood, cotton, hemp, orother cellulosic fiber to achieve substantially separate fibersthat are suitable for a sheet-forming process.NOTE 3Electrical insulation made from pulp may be papers or boardsused for capacitors, transformer coils, creped papers, etc. It may also bepulp applied dire
20、ctly onto electrical conductors.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 These test methods describe the specific procedures fortesting the properties of pulp, both in its original bulk form andafter it has been formed into a handsheet in the testinglaboratory.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of ReagentsUse reagent grade
21、 chemicals in alltests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagentsshall conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, wheresuch specifications are available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the
22、reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.5.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean water conforming toSpecification D 1193, Type III.6. Sampling6.1 Terminology regarding sampling and
23、 evaluation termi-nology shall conform to those in the sampling sections of TestMethods D 202.6.2 Obtain the sample of pulp from the lot to be evaluated ina manner that will maximize the probability that a representa-tive sample is collected. Where practicable, use one of thesampling plans shown in
24、Test Methods D 202. Protect thematerial sample from contamination during handling andtransporting to a laboratory for testing. The instructions forpreparation of specimens are given in the sections pertaining tothe individual property tests. Take the sample for moisturecontent in accordance with TAP
25、PI T 210.6.3 Condition samples in a container suitable for preventingmoisture variation over the period of testing. When testspecimens are drawn, determine the moisture content of thematerial to allow correction of weights to moisture-free equiva-lent weight.7. Report7.1 At the completion of any or
26、all of the following tests,report the test results (as defined in 6.1) of the pulp propertieswith identifying units as follows:7.1.1 Identification of the pulp sampled and tested by lotnumber, type, grade, etc.,7.1.2 Dates of testing,7.1.3 Location of the testing laboratory and the personresponsible
27、 for the testing,2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Technical Association of the
28、 Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),P.O. Box 105113,Atlanta, GA30348; 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA30092.4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Soci
29、ety, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D 3376 88 (2005)27.1.4 Remarks indicating method or procedures used andthe deviation, if any, from the
30、 standard test procedures,7.1.5 Indication of the variance in test measurements (asdefined in 6.1) such as high, low, standard deviation, etc., and7.1.6 Any information particular to the cited procedure.7.2 Report the test results (as defined in 6.1) as calculated orobserved values rounded to the ne
31、arest unit in the lastright-hand place of figures used in the material specification toexpress the limiting value. (See the rounding method ofPractice E29.)AQUEOUS EXTRACT CONDUCTIVITY8. Significance and Use8.1 The conductivity of the water extract of electrical gradepulp results from electrolytic i
32、mpurities in the pulp which maybe present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination ofthese. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electricalinsulation is undesirable as they tend to lower insulationresistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies underconditions of applied potential
33、. When comparing test data itshould be noted that the extract conductivity of pulps, espe-cially those of high purity, may change with time aftermanufacturing. This test is useful for routine acceptancetesting, the comparison of different pulps, and research work.59. Procedure9.1 Follow Test Methods
34、 D 202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to1gofmoisture-free pulp.AQUEOUS EXTRACT pH10. Significance and Use10.1 The extract pH determination measures the degree towhich a pulp alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of purewater. The test gives a measure of the active acidity oralkalinity of
35、the pulp extract. The presence of active acidic oralkaline contaminants in a pulp may result in their beingincorporated into the electrical insulation made from the pulp,and can lead to a deterioration of the insulation in service. Thistest is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of
36、different pulps, and research work.211. Procedure11.1 Follow Test Methods D 202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to1gofmoisture-free pulp.AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY-ALKALINITY12. Significance and Use12.1 The extract acidity-alkalinity determination for a pulpmeasures the quantity of extracted
37、 ionizable material, whichalters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure water. Thepresence of active acidic or alkaline contaminants in a pulpmay result in their being incorporated into the electricalinsulation made from the pulp, and can lead to a deteriorationof the insulation in service. This
38、test is useful for routineacceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, andresearch.313. Procedure13.1 Follow Test Methods D 202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to1gofmoisture-free pulp.WATER-EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDES14. Significance and Use14.1 The occurrence of significant amounts of c
39、hloride ionin a pulp may lead to the incorporation of the ion in theelectrical insulation made from the pulp. The presence ofchloride ions may adversely affect the electrical properties andservice life of the insulation. This test is useful for routineacceptance testing, the comparison of different
40、pulps, andresearch testing.15. Procedure15.1 Follow Test Methods D 202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to4gofmoisture-free pulp. For pulps withhigher levels of chloride (greater than 30 ppm) 10 min ofmasceration as in the above method for aqueous extractconductivity may be used to hasten the
41、extraction followed by1 h refluxing as in Test Methods D 202. When the chloridecontent is less than 30 ppm, masceration is not permitted. Theappropriate extraction time must be determined to give com-plete extraction of the chloride for each pulp type. Timesgreater than 1 h may be necessary.NEUTRAL
42、AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE HARDNESSPULP16. Terminology16.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:16.1.1 aqueous extractable hardness, nthe amount ofcalcium and magnesium present in pulp and which may beextracted by hot neutral water under prescribed conditions.16.1.2 hardness, na characteristic of
43、 water that representsthe total concentration of calcium and magnesium in the waterexpressed as parts per million (ppm) CaCO3.17. Significance and Use17.1 Cellulose pulps may contain varying amounts of aque-ous extractable hardness as supplied to the purchaser. Thedissolved hardness from the pulp ma
44、y accumulate in processwater used in wet-forming methods and may interfere with theaction of process additives and affect product quality adversely.17.2 MethodAis the preferred method and shall be used forreference purposes.METHOD A18. Procedure18.1 Extraction:18.1.1 Prepare extracts of the pulp spe
45、cimens in accordancewith the Test Methods D 202 method for aqueous extractconductivity, except:5For more detailed information see Paper and PaperboardCharacteristics,Nomenclature, and Significance of Tests, ASTM STP 60 B, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.,1963, pp. 5961.D 3376 88 (2005)318.1.2 Use a specimen w
46、eight equivalent to 2.0 g ofmoisture-free pulp. Determine the moisture content of the pulpsample on a separate specimen taken at the same time as thetest specimen.18.1.3 The extraction volume shall be 200 mL.18.1.4 Run a blank determination concurrently with the testspecimen determination.18.1.5 Fol
47、lowing extraction and filtration, collect the clearfiltrate and adjust the volume to exactly 200 mL.18.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentrationof the extract in accordance with Test Method D 2576.19. Calculation19.1 Calculate the hardness of the extracts as follows:Hardness, ppm 5 1002.49
48、7P12 Pa! 1 4.117P22 Pb!# (1)where:P1= ppm calcium in the pulp extract,Pa= ppm calcium in the blank,P2= ppm magnesium in the pulp extract, andPb= ppm magnesium in the blank.METHOD B20. Procedure20.1 Follow the procedure of Method A for the preparationof the extract.20.2 Take two 100-mL aliquots of th
49、e extract and titrate fortotal hardness following the “low total hardness” procedure ofthe nonreferee volumetric method of Test Method D 1126.21. Calculation21.1 Calculate the hardness of the specimen extract asfollows:Hardness, ppm 5 500 V11 V22 Va2 Vb! (2)where:V1= standard EDTA solution for titration of first aliquotof extract, mLV2= standard EDTA solution for titration of second ali-quot of extract, mLVa= standard EDTA solution for titration of first blankaliquot, mL, andVb= standard EDTA solution for titration of second blankaliquot, mL.22. Report22.1 Report the
