1、Designation: D3376 88 (Reapproved 2009)An American National StandardStandard Test Methods ofSampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufactureof Electrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing ofcellu
3、losic pulps for use in the manufacture of electricalinsulating papers and boards or in the direct application of pulpfibers as insulation to electrical conductors.NOTE 1The significance of any one pulp property test method, as setforth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on thepro
4、duct made from the pulp.1.2 Sections on Reagents, Sampling, and Report are integralparts of each of the individual test methods that follow.1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure ofeither a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheetformed from the pulp.1.3.1 Bulk characteri
5、stics determinable by these proceduresappear in the following sections:ProcedureSec-tionsASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceAqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D202 .Aqueous Extract pH 10 and11D202 .Aqueous Extractable Acidity-Alkalinity12 and13D202 .Analysis of Ash for Cations byAtomic Absorpt
6、ion Spectro-photometry73-81 D1193 and D2576 .Ash Content 82-85 D202 T 413Dirt in Pulp 42 and43. T 213Fiber Analysis 24 and25D202 and D1030 .Fiber Length of Pulp 44 and45. T 232,T 233Freeness (Canadian StandardFreeness)56 and57. T 227Kappa Number/PermanganateNumber (Substances Oxi-dizable by Permanga
7、nate)28 and29. T 236,UM 251Laboratory Processing of Pulp(Beater Method)54 and55. T 200Moisture in Pulp 32-34 . T 210Neutral Aqueous ExtractableHardness in Pulp16-23 D202, D1126, andD2576.Pentosan Content of Pulp 30 and31. T 223Resistance of Pulp to Disinte-gration (Standard RPG)46-53 . T 239,UM 252S
8、hive Count 35-41 . .Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 26 and27D202 .Tensile Properties 68-72 D202 .Water-Extractable Chlorides 14 and15D202 .1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these pro-cedures appear in the following sections:ProcedureSec-tionASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceAir Res
9、istance (Porosity) 60 and61D202 T 205Apparent Density 66 and67D202 T 205Bursting Strength 62 and63D202 and D774/D774MT 205Folding Endurance (M.I.T.) 54 and55D202 and D2176 T 205Forming Handsheets forPhysical Tests of Pulp58 and59. T 205Tensile Strength 68 and69D202 and D828 T 205NOTE 2Methods for As
10、h, Silica, selected cations from Ash, HeatStability, a, b, and g Cellulose, Viscosity, Total Chlorine, Tear, andDissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity, will be considered foraddition as methods are developed.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given
11、in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
12、imitations prior to use.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published February 2010.
13、Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D3776 88 (2005).DOI: 10.1520/D337688R09.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D202 Test Methods for Sampling a
14、nd Testing UntreatedPaper Used for Electrical InsulationD774/D774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper3D828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Appara-tus3D1030 Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paper-boardD1126 Test Method for
15、 Hardness in WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theM.I.T. TesterD2576 Discontinued 1981; Method of Test for Metals inWater and Waste Water byAtomicAbsorption Spectropho-tometry3D3376 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to beUsed in th
16、e Manufacture of Electrical InsulationE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 TAPPI Standards:4T 200 Laboratory Processing of Pulp (Beater Method)T 205 Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of PulpT 210 Weighing, Sampling, and Testing Pul
17、p for MoistureT 213 Dirt in PulpT 221 Drainage Time of PulpT 223 Pentosans in Wood and PulpT 227 Freeness of PulpT 232 Fiber Length of Pulp by ProjectionT 233 Fiber Length of Pulp by ClassificationT 236 Kappa Number of PulpT 413 Ash in Paper and PaperboardT 445 Identification of Specks and Spots in
18、PaperT 1002 Drainage Time for Insulating BoardUM 203 Freeness of Pulp (William Tester)UM 251 Permanganate Number of PulpUM 252 Resistance of Pulp and Paper Stock to Disintegra-tion3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 pulp, na fibrous material that is made by chemica
19、lor mechanical treatment, or both, of wood, cotton, hemp, orother cellulosic fiber to achieve substantially separate fibersthat are suitable for a sheet-forming process.NOTE 3Electrical insulation made from pulp may be papers or boardsused for capacitors, transformer coils, creped papers, etc. It ma
20、y also bepulp applied directly onto electrical conductors.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 These test methods describe the specific procedures fortesting the properties of pulp, both in its original bulk form andafter it has been formed into a handsheet in the testinglaboratory.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of
21、 ReagentsUse reagent grade chemicals in alltests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagentsshall conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, wheresuch specifications are available.5Other grades may be used,provided it is f
22、irst ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.5.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean water conforming toSpecification D1193, Type III.6. Sampling6.1 Terminolo
23、gy regarding sampling and evaluation termi-nology shall conform to those in the sampling sections of TestMethods D202.6.2 Obtain the sample of pulp from the lot to be evaluated ina manner that will maximize the probability that a representa-tive sample is collected. Where practicable, use one of the
24、sampling plans shown in Test Methods D202. Protect thematerial sample from contamination during handling andtransporting to a laboratory for testing. The instructions forpreparation of specimens are given in the sections pertaining tothe individual property tests. Take the sample for moisturecontent
25、 in accordance with TAPPI T 210.6.3 Condition samples in a container suitable for preventingmoisture variation over the period of testing. When testspecimens are drawn, determine the moisture content of thematerial to allow correction of weights to moisture-free equiva-lent weight.7. Report7.1 At th
26、e completion of any or all of the following tests,report the test results (as defined in 6.1) of the pulp propertieswith identifying units as follows:7.1.1 Identification of the pulp sampled and tested by lotnumber, type, grade, etc.,7.1.2 Dates of testing,7.1.3 Location of the testing laboratory an
27、d the personresponsible for the testing,7.1.4 Remarks indicating method or procedures used andthe deviation, if any, from the standard test procedures,7.1.5 Indication of the variance in test measurements (asdefined in 6.1) such as high, low, standard deviation, etc., and7.1.6 Any information partic
28、ular to the cited procedure.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved ver
29、sion of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications , AmericanChemical Society, Was
30、hington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.D3376 8
31、8 (2009)27.2 Report the test results (as defined in 6.1) as calculated orobserved values rounded to the nearest unit in the lastright-hand place of figures used in the material specification toexpress the limiting value. (See the rounding method ofPractice E29.)AQUEOUS EXTRACT CONDUCTIVITY8. Signifi
32、cance and Use8.1 The conductivity of the water extract of electrical gradepulp results from electrolytic impurities in the pulp which maybe present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination ofthese. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electricalinsulation is undesirable as they tend
33、to lower insulationresistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies underconditions of applied potential. When comparing test data itshould be noted that the extract conductivity of pulps, espe-cially those of high purity, may change with time aftermanufacturing. This test is useful for routine ac
34、ceptancetesting, the comparison of different pulps, and research work.69. Procedure9.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to1gofmoisture-free pulp.AQUEOUS EXTRACT pH10. Significance and Use10.1 The extract pH determination measures the degree towhich a pulp alters the hy
35、drogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of purewater. The test gives a measure of the active acidity oralkalinity of the pulp extract. The presence of active acidic oralkaline contaminants in a pulp may result in their beingincorporated into the electrical insulation made from the pulp,and can lead to a deterio
36、ration of the insulation in service. Thistest is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison ofdifferent pulps, and research work.211. Procedure11.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to1gofmoisture-free pulp.AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY-ALKALINITY12. Significan
37、ce and Use12.1 The extract acidity-alkalinity determination for a pulpmeasures the quantity of extracted ionizable material, whichalters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure water. Thepresence of active acidic or alkaline contaminants in a pulpmay result in their being incorporated into the ele
38、ctricalinsulation made from the pulp, and can lead to a deteriorationof the insulation in service. This test is useful for routineacceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, andresearch.413. Procedure13.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to1gofmoisture-free
39、pulp.WATER-EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDES14. Significance and Use14.1 The occurrence of significant amounts of chloride ionin a pulp may lead to the incorporation of the ion in theelectrical insulation made from the pulp. The presence ofchloride ions may adversely affect the electrical properties andservice
40、life of the insulation. This test is useful for routineacceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, andresearch testing.15. Procedure15.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimenweight equivalent to4gofmoisture-free pulp. For pulps withhigher levels of chloride (greater than 30 ppm)
41、10 min ofmasceration as in the above method for aqueous extractconductivity may be used to hasten the extraction followed by1 h refluxing as in Test Methods D202. When the chloridecontent is less than 30 ppm, masceration is not permitted. Theappropriate extraction time must be determined to give com
42、-plete extraction of the chloride for each pulp type. Timesgreater than 1 h may be necessary.NEUTRAL AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE HARDNESSPULP16. Terminology16.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:16.1.1 aqueous extractable hardness, nthe amount ofcalcium and magnesium present in pulp and which m
43、ay beextracted by hot neutral water under prescribed conditions.16.1.2 hardness, na characteristic of water that representsthe total concentration of calcium and magnesium in the waterexpressed as parts per million (ppm) CaCO3.17. Significance and Use17.1 Cellulose pulps may contain varying amounts
44、of aque-ous extractable hardness as supplied to the purchaser. Thedissolved hardness from the pulp may accumulate in processwater used in wet-forming methods and may interfere with theaction of process additives and affect product quality adversely.17.2 MethodAis the preferred method and shall be us
45、ed forreference purposes.METHOD A18. Procedure18.1 Extraction:18.1.1 Prepare extracts of the pulp specimens in accordancewith the Test Methods D202 method for aqueous extractconductivity, except:18.1.2 Use a specimen weight equivalent to 2.0 g ofmoisture-free pulp. Determine the moisture content of
46、the pulpsample on a separate specimen taken at the same time as thetest specimen.6For more detailed information see Paper and PaperboardCharacteristics ,Nomenclature, and Significance of Tests, ASTM STP 60 B, Am. Soc. Testing Mats.,1963, pp. 5961.D3376 88 (2009)318.1.3 The extraction volume shall be
47、 200 mL.18.1.4 Run a blank determination concurrently with the testspecimen determination.18.1.5 Following extraction and filtration, collect the clearfiltrate and adjust the volume to exactly 200 mL.18.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentrationof the extract in accordance with Test Method
48、D2576.19. Calculation19.1 Calculate the hardness of the extracts as follows:Hardness, ppm 5 1002.497P12 Pa! 1 4.117P22 Pb!# (1)where:P1= ppm calcium in the pulp extract,Pa= ppm calcium in the blank,P2= ppm magnesium in the pulp extract, andPb= ppm magnesium in the blank.METHOD B20. Procedure20.1 Fol
49、low the procedure of Method A for the preparationof the extract.20.2 Take two 100-mL aliquots of the extract and titrate fortotal hardness following the “low total hardness” procedure ofthe nonreferee volumetric method of Test Method D1126.21. Calculation21.1 Calculate the hardness of the specimen extract asfollows:Hardness, ppm 5 500 V11 V22 Va2 Vb! (2)where:V1= standard EDTA solution for titration of first aliquotof extract, mLV2= standard EDTA solution for titration of second ali-quot of extract, mLVa= standard EDTA solution for titration of first blankaliquot,
