1、Designation: D 3394 94 (Reapproved 2005)An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing ofelectrical insulating boards. The
3、se boards are porous, usuallyfibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes inelectrical apparatus.1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulca-nized fibre or molded laminated sheets.1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materialshaving a nominal thickness of at lea
4、st 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).NOTE 1For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see TestMethods D 202.1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:SectionsASTM MethodReferenceApparent Density 18-23Aqueous Extract Characteristics 36-42 D 202Ash Content 43-46 T 413Compatibility with DielectricLiq
5、uids47-52 D 664, D 877, D 924,D 971, D 974, D 1169,D 1500, D 1816,D 3455, D 3487Compressibility 79-85Conditioning 11 D 685Degree of Polymerization 86-89 D 4243Dielectric Strength in Air 53-59 D 149Dielectric Strength in Oil 60-65 D 149, D 2413, D 3426Dimensions of Sheets 12-17Moisture Content 31-35
6、D 644Oil Absorption 72-78Reports 10Sampling 6-9 D 3636Shrinkage 24-30 D 644Tensile Properties 66-71 D 2021.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
7、onsibility of the user of this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Soli
8、d Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD 202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing UntreatedPaper Used for Electrical InsulationD 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lationD 586 Test Method for Ash in PaperD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper a
9、ndPaperboard by Oven DryingD 664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD 877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Liquids Using Disk ElectrodesD 924 Test Method for Dissipatio
10、n Factor (or Power Factor)and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-cal Insulating LiquidsD 971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD 1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance
11、 (Resistivity) ofElectrical Insulating LiquidsD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ofInsulating Oils of Petroleum Origin Using VDE ElectrodesD 2413 Test Methods for Preparation and Electrical Testingof Insulati
12、ng Paper and Board Impregnated with a LiquidDielectricD 2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equip-ment for Electrical Insulating Materials Testing1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct respon
13、sibility ofSubcommittee D 09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 3394 94 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
14、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 3426 Test Method for Di
15、electric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating MaterialsUsing Impulse WavesD 3455 Test Methods for Compatibility of ConstructionMaterials with Electrical Insulating Oil of PetroleumOriginD 3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical ApparatusD 36
16、36 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating MaterialsD 4243 Method for Measurement of Average ViscometricDegree of Polymerization of New and Aged ElectricalPapers and BoardsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specificatio
17、ns2.2 TAPPI Standard:T 413 Determination of Ash in Paper33. Terminology3.1 Description of Term Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 electrical insulating boarda sheet structure, usuallycomposed of cellulosic fibers, utilized for dielectric or struc-tural purposes or both in a variety of electrical appara
18、tus.Board is herein arbitrarily differentiated from paper in that it isat least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) thick and is manufactured only insheets of limited length. Other names for these products arepressboard, transformer board, fuller board, and press pan.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 This standard is a
19、 compilation of test methods forelectrical insulating board. Provisions are included for sam-pling, testing, and judging acceptability of a given quantity ofboard.5. Reagents5.1 Reagents shall conform to the requirements set forth inTest Methods D 202.SAMPLING6. Scope6.1 This test method covers the
20、determination of lot accept-ability of electrical insulating board. It is designed for thepurpose of determining acceptability of all or that portion of ashipment to a customer identified by a manufacturers lotnumber. It is not intended to cover internal board mill qualitycontrol plans. The method i
21、s intended for use in conjunctionwith product specifications for electrical insulating board.7. Terminology7.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:7.1.1 The descriptions of terms used in this test method,with the exception of the definition of “unit of product,” are inaccordance with Pra
22、ctice D 3636.7.1.2 unit of productan entity of electrical insulatingboard on which one or more quality characteristics may bedetermined. A unit of product may be a sheet, pallet, box,carton, case, package, or bundle. The unit of product isestablished by the customer and may or may not be the sameas
23、the unit of purchase, supply, production, or shipment.8. Establishing Acceptable Quality Levels (AQLs)8.1 Acceptable quality levels (AQLs) for each major andminor property (as defined in Practice D 3636) shall be asmutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller. Inaddition, group AQLs may
24、 be established for given groups ofproperties and these too shall be mutually agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the seller.9. Selection of Sample and Identification of Lot Sample9.1 Samples shall be in accordance with Practice D 3636,with the exception of those paragraphs pertaining specificallyt
25、o rolls, pads, or bobbins.9.2 Mark each unit of the sample so that it may be identifiedat any time by the seller and the purchaser.REPORTS10. Report10.1 At the completion of all tests record the results in a testreport that includes the following:10.1.1 Identification (of the board sampled and teste
26、d) bylot number, type, grade, etc.,10.1.2 Dates of testing,10.1.3 Location of the testing laboratory and the name of theperson responsible for testing,10.1.4 Remarks indicating the method used and any devia-tion from the standard,10.1.5 Test results as specified in the individual method, and10.1.6 S
27、pecification limits for each property measured forthe board being tested.10.2 Report the results as calculated or observed valuesrounded to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place offigures used in the material specification to express the limitingvalue (see Practice E29).CONDITIONING11. Condi
28、tioning11.1 Condition samples and specimens cut from the samples(with the exception of samples taken for moisture determina-tion or as otherwise specified) in a circulating-air atmospheremaintained at 50 6 2 % relative humidity and a temperature of23 6 2C, using procedures as specified in Method D 6
29、85.11.2 For referee purposes, the conditioning specified in 11.1will give most consistent results. However, for routine testingunder factory or other non-standard atmospheric conditions, ifthe board has a moisture content within the range from 5 to 7 %as determined in Sections 31-34, there will be o
30、nly slightvariations from properties as determined after conditioningspecified above.3Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),P.O. Box 105113,Atlanta, GA30348; 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA30092.D 3394 94 (2005)2DIMENSIONS OF SHEETS12. Apparatus12.1 Sc
31、aleA scale of suitable length graduated such thatlengths, widths, and diagonals can be directly read to withinhalf of the allowable tolerance for these dimensions. The scaleshall be properly calibrated in accordance with PracticeD 2865.12.2 Thickness-Measuring DeviceMachinist micrometerwith ratchet
32、as specified in Test Methods D 374.13. Sampling13.1 Sample in accordance with Sections 6-9.14. Test Specimens14.1 Specimens for determination of length, width, andsquareness of sheets shall be whole sheets. For thicknessdeterminations, a whole sheet may be used or, if desired, aportion of a whole sh
33、eet will serve as a specimen. If a portionis selected as a specimen for thickness determination, thatportion shall be representative of the full width (cross-graindirection) of the sheet.14.2 Determine the dimensions as received, provided themoisture content is in the specification range for the mat
34、erialbeing tested (see 11.2).15. Procedure15.1 Measure the length and the width of each specimen tothe nearest appropriate unit. Make at least two measurementsin each direction.15.2 Measure each of the two diagonals of each specimen.15.3 Measure the thickness in accordance with Test Meth-ods D 374,
35、Method A. Make at least five thickness determina-tions across the sheet.NOTE 2Points of measurement should be selected to include the areasmost likely to be the extremes.16. Report16.1 The report shall conform to Section 10 and shallinclude the following:16.1.1 Sheet size, reported as the average of
36、 the measure-ments in each direction.16.1.2 Squareness of the sheet, reported as the quotient ofthe shorter diagonal divided by the longer diagonal (forconvenience, squareness is expressed as a percent).NOTE 3This method of calculating squareness assumes that the sheetclosely approximates a parallel
37、ogram in shape. If measurements of widthor length vary at different points, it is possible that a high squareness valuemay be calculated from measurements on a sheet that differs significantlyfrom being rectangular.16.1.3 Average thickness, and16.1.4 Variation in thickness, reported as the differenc
38、ebetween the highest and the lowest thickness value obtained in15.3.17. Precision and Bias17.1 The precision and bias of this test method are notknown.APPARENT DENSITY18. Scope18.1 This test method may be used for determination ofapparent density of insulating board, using measurements ofdimensions
39、and weight made after appropriate conditioning.18.2 Procedures are given for determining either the “wet-wet” or the “dry-dry” density.19. Significance and Use19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physicalcharacteristics of insulating board and is a factor in theeconomics of its use in ap
40、paratus. This test is useful forspecification, design, and quality control purposes.20. Apparatus20.1 Scale or Calipers, graduated in units of length, with thesmallest graduation equal to, or less than, 0.25 % of thesmallest dimension to be measured, calibrated in accordancewith Practice D 2865.20.2
41、 Balance, graduated in units of weight, with the small-est graduation equal to, or less than, 0.25 % of the specimenweight, calibrated in accordance with Recommended PracticeD 2865.20.3 Thickness-Measuring Device, conforming to the re-quirements of Test Methods D 374, Method A.20.4 Oven, conforming
42、to the requirements of Test MethodD 644.21. Procedure21.1 From each unit of product in the sample obtained inaccordance with Sections 6 through 9, prepare at least tworectangular specimens having an area of at least 75 in.2(0.05m2) each.21.2 Procedure A: Wet-Wet DensityCondition the speci-mens in ac
43、cordance with Section 11.21.3 Procedure B: Dry-Dry DensityDry the specimens toconstant weight in an oven at 105 6 3C, in accordance withTest Method D 644. Cool to room temperature, using adesiccator or other means to prevent reabsorption of moisture.Exposure to the open air while making the measurem
44、entsspecified in 21.4 shall be sufficiently brief that there will not bea weight increase of more than 0.1 % of the oven-dry weight ofthe specimens.21.4 Measure the width, length, and thickness in accordancewith Section 15 to determine the weight of each specimen.21.5 From the dimensions and weight
45、of each specimen,calculate the apparent density and report the results in units ofgrams per cubic centimetre, calculated as follows:Apparent density, g/cm35weight 3 factorvolume(1)Weight Units Volume Units Factorgcm31gin.30.0610lb in.327.68D 3394 94 (2005)322. Report22.1 The report shall be in accor
46、dance with Section 10, andinclude the individual results for the apparent density of eachspecimen.23. Precision and Bias23.1 The precision and bias of this test method are notknown.SHRINKAGE24. Significance and Use24.1 The dimensions of electrical insulating boards willchange as a function of moistu
47、re content, which varies withchanges in the ambient relative humidity or as a result of heator vacuum used in drying operations. The suitability of a boardfor some particular applications may be affected by themagnitude and direction of these dimensional changes.24.2 The dimensional changes resultin
48、g from oven dryingof specimens that have been conditioned under specifiedhumidity conditions are used in this method as a measure of theshrinkage characteristics. This method is useful for designpurposes, for specifications, and for some special controlpurposes.25. Test Specimens25.1 Cut square or r
49、ectangular pieces having dimensions ofat least 3 in. (76 mm) in the plane of the sheet. The dimensionsin the plane of the sheet may be determined by measuringeither the overall distances between smoothly finished edges,or the distances between benchmarks on one face of thespecimen. The optimum size of the test specimen will bedetermined by the method used for measuring the dimensions,and by the size of the conditioning chamber available.26. Conditioning26.1 Unless otherwise specified, condition the specimens toequilibrium with a standard atmosphere as specified in Secti
