1、Designation: D 3410/D 3410M 03Standard Test Method forCompressive Properties of Polymer Matrix CompositeMaterials with Unsupported Gage Section by ShearLoading1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3410/D 3410M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of or
2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of
3、 Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the in-plane compressiveproperties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced byhigh-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limitedto continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced compos-ites for which the elastic properties are s
4、pecially orthotropicwith respect to the test direction. This test procedure introducesthe compressive force into the specimen through shear atwedge grip interfaces. This type of force transfer differs fromthe procedure in Test Method D 695 where compressive forceis transmitted into the specimen by e
5、nd-loading, Test MethodD 6641/D 6641M where compressive force is transmitted bycombined shear and end loading, and Test Method D 5467/D 5467M where compressive force is transmitted by subjectinga honeycomb core sandwich beam with thin skins to four-pointbending.1.2 This test method is applicable to
6、composites made fromunidirectional tape, wet-tow placement, textile (for example,fabric), short fibers, or similar product forms. Some productforms may require deviations from the test method.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Withi
7、n the text theinch-pounds units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.NOTE 1Additional procedures for determin
8、ing compressive proper-ties of resin-matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D 695,D 5467/D 5467M, and D 6641/D 6641M.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
9、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlastics2D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by
10、 Displacement2D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResins3D 2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plas-tics3D 3171 Test Method for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterials4D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials4D 5229/D 5229M
11、Test Method for Moisture AbsorptionProperties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Ma-trix Composite Materials4D 5379/D 5379M Test Method for Shear Properties ofComposite Materials by the V-Notched Beam Method4D 5467/D 5467M Test Method for Compressive Propertiesof Unidirectional Polymer Matrix C
12、omposites Using aSandwich Beam4D 6641/D 6641M Test Method for Determining the Com-pressive Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Lami-nates Using a Combined Loading Compression (CLC) TestFixture4E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines5E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanic
13、al Test-ing5E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someters5E 111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 onLamina and Laminat
14、e Test Methods.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 3410/D 3410M 95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.5Annual
15、Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and Chord Modulus5E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Charac-teristic of a Lot or
16、Process6E 132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room Tempera-ture5E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods6E 251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics ofMetallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages5E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics6E 1237 Guide
17、for Installing Bonded Resistance StrainGages5E 1309 Guide for the Identification of Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases4E 1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases4E 1471 Guide for the Identification of Fibers, Fill
18、ers, andCore Materials in Computerized Material Property Data-bases42.2 ASTM Adjunct:Compression Fixture, D3410 Method B72.3 Other Documents:ANSI Y14.5M-19828ANSI/ASME B46.1-198583. Terminology3.1 Terminology D 3878 defines terms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology D 88
19、3defines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E 6 definesterms relating to mechanical testing. Terminology E 456 andPractice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event ofa conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878 shall haveprecedence over the other Terminology standards.3.2 Definit
20、ions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 nominal value, na value, existing in name only,assigned to a measurable property for the purpose of conve-nient designation. Tolerances may be applied to a nominalvalue to define an acceptable range for the property.3.2.2 orthotropic material, na materia
21、l with a property ofinterest that, at a given point, possesses three mutually perpen-dicular planes of symmetry defining the principal materialcoordinate system for that property.3.2.3 principal material coordinate system, na coordinatesystem with axes that are normal to the planes of symmetry thate
22、xist within the material.3.2.4 reference coordinate system, na coordinate systemfor laminated composites used to define ply orientations. Oneof the reference coordinate system axes (normally the Carte-sian x-axis) is designated the reference axis, assigned aposition, and the ply principal axis of ea
23、ch ply in the laminateis referenced relative to the reference axis to define the plyorientation for that ply.3.2.5 specially orthotropic, adja description of an ortho-tropic material as viewed in its principal material coordinatesystem. In laminated composites, a specially orthotropic lami-nate is a
24、 balanced and symmetric laminate of the 0i/90jnsfamily as viewed from the reference coordinate system, suchthat the membrane-bending coupling terms of the stress-strainrelation are zero.3.2.6 transition strain, etransition, nthe strain value at themid-range of the transition region between the two e
25、ssentiallylinear portions of a bilinear stress-strain or strain-strain curve(a transverse strain-longitudinal strain curve as used for deter-mining Poissons ratio).3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Across-sectional area of specimen.3.3.2 Bypercent bending in specimen.3.3.3 CVsample coefficient of variation, in perc
26、ent.3.3.4 Emodulus of elasticity in the test direction.3.3.5 Fcuultimate compressive stress (compressivestrength).3.3.6 Gxzthrough-thickness shear modulus of elasticity.3.3.7 hspecimen thickness.3.3.8 i, j, nas used in a layup code, the number of repeatsfor a ply or group of plies of a material.3.3.
27、9 lgspecimen gage length.3.3.10 nnumber of specimens.3.3.11 Pforce applied to test specimen.3.3.12 Pfforce applied to test specimen at failure.3.3.13 Pmaxmaximum force before failure.3.3.14 sas used in a layup code, denotes that the preced-ing ply description for the laminate is repeated symetricall
28、yabout its midplane.3.3.15 sn1sample standard deviation.3.3.16 wspecimen width.3.3.17 ximeasured or derived property.3.3.18 xsample mean (average).3.3.19 eindicated normal strain from strain transducer.3.3.20 nccompressive Poissons ratio.3.3.21 sccompressive normal stress.4. Summary of Test Method4.
29、1 A flat strip of material having a constant rectangularcross section, as shown in the specimen drawings of Figs. 1-4,is loaded in compression by a shear force acting along thegrips. The shear force is applied via wedge grips in aspecially-designed fixture shown in Figs. 5-7. The influence ofthis we
30、dge grip design on fixture characteristics is discussed in6.1.4.2 To obtain compression test results, the specimen isinserted into the test fixture which is placed between theplatens of the testing machine and loaded in compression. Theultimate compressive stress of the material, as obtained withthi
31、s test fixture and specimen, can be obtained from themaximum force carried before failure. Strain is monitored withstrain or displacement transducers so the stress-strain responseof the material can be determined, from which the ultimate6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.7A blueprint of the d
32、etailed drawing for the construction of the fixture shown inFig. 4 is available at a nominal cost from ASTM International Headquarters, 100Barr Harbor Dr., PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194282959. OrderAdjunct ADJD3410.8Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.
33、,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.D 3410/D 3410M 032compressive strain, the compressive modulus of elasticity,Poissons ratio in compression, and transition strain can bederived.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressiveproperty data for material specifications, resea
34、rch and devel-opment, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis.Factors that influence the compressive response and shouldtherefore be reported include the following: material, methodsof material preparation and layup, specimen stacking sequence,specimen preparation, specimen conditionin
35、g, environment oftesting, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing,time at temperature, void content, and volume percent rein-forcement. Properties, in the test direction, that may beobtained from this test method include:5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain
36、,5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity,5.1.4 Poissons ratio in compression, and5.1.5 Transition strain.6. Interferences6.1 Test Fixture CharacteristicsThis test method trans-mits force to the specimen via tapered rectangular wedge grips.The rectangular wedge grip design is used t
37、o eliminate thewedge seating problems induced by the conical wedges of theso-called Celanese compression test fixture previously utilizedin this test method (1).9Earlier versions of this test methodcontaining full details of the Celanese test method, includingTest Method D 3410/D 3410M-95, are avail
38、able.8Anotherfixture characteristic that can have a significant effect on testresults is the surface finish of the mating surfaces of the wedgegrip assembly. Since these surfaces undergo sliding contactthey must be polished, lubricated, and nick-free (11.5.1).NOTE 2An acceptable level of polish for
39、the surface finish of wedgegrip mating surfaces has been found to be one that ranges from 2 to 12micro in. rms with a mean finish of 7 micro in. rms.6.1.1 The specimen gripping faces of the wedge grips aretypically roughened in some manner, as required for theparticular application. Examples include
40、 serrated (7 to 8serrations/cm) or thermal-sprayed tungsten carbide particle(100 grit) grip faces (see also 8.3.3).6.2 Test Method SensitivityCompression strength for asingle material system has been shown to differ when deter-mined by different test methods. Such differences can beattributed to spe
41、cimen alignment effects, specimen geometryeffects, and fixture effects even though efforts have been made9Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of thistest method.Notes:1. Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5M-1982 and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1985.2. See Section 8 and T
42、able 2 and Table 3 of the test standard for values of required or recommended width, thickness, gage length, tab length and overall length.3. See test standard for values of material, ply orientation, use of tabs, tab material, tab angle, and tab adhesive.4. Ply orientation tolerance relative to -A-
43、 60.5.FIG. 1 Compression Test Specimen Drawing, (SI with Tabs)D 3410/D 3410M 033to minimize these effects. Examples of differences in testresults between various test methods can be found in Refs(1,2).6.3 Material and Specimen PreparationCompressionmodulus, and especially ultimate compressive stress
44、, are sen-sitive to poor material fabrication practices, damage inducedby improper specimen machining, and lack of control of fiberalignment. Fiber alignment relative to the specimen coordinateaxis should be maintained as carefully as possible, although nostandard procedure to ensure this alignment
45、exists. Proceduresfound satisfactory include the following: fracturing a curedunidirectional laminate near one edge parallel to the fiberdirection to establish the 0 direction, or laying in smallfilament count tows of contrasting color fiber (aramid in carbonlaminates and carbon in aramid or glass l
46、aminates) parallel tothe 0 direction either as part of the prepreg production or aspart of panel fabrication.6.4 Tabbing and TolerancesThe data resulting from thistest method has been shown to be sensitive to the flatness andparallelism of the tabs, so care should be taken to ensure thatFIG. 2 Compr
47、ession Test Specimen Drawing, (SI without Tabs)D 3410/D 3410M 034the specimen tolerance requirements are met. This usuallyrequires precision grinding of the tab surfaces after bondingthem to the specimen.6.5 Thickness and Gage Length SelectionThe gage sec-tion for this test method is unsupported, re
48、sulting in a tradeoffin the selection of specimen gage length and the specimenthickness. The gage length must be short enough to be freefrom Euler (column) buckling, yet long enough to allow stressdecay to uniaxial compression and to minimize Poisson re-straint effects as a result of the grips. Mini
49、mum thicknessrequirements are provided in 8.2.3.6.6 GrippingA high percentage of grip-induced failures,especially when combined with high material data scatter, is anindicator of specimen gripping problems.6.7 System AlignmentExcessive bending will cause pre-mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate bending from the test system. Bending may occur for thefollowing reasons: (1) misaligned (or out-of tolerance) grips orassociated fixturing, (2) improper i
