1、Designation: D 3415 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Practice forIdentification of Waterborne Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3415; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the broad concepts of sampling andanalyzing waterborne oils for identification and comparisonwith suspected sou
3、rce oils. Detailed procedures are referencedin this practice. A general approach is given to aid theinvestigator in planning a program to solve the problem ofchemical characterization and to determine the source of awaterborne oil sample.1.2 This practice is applicable to all waterborne oils takenfr
4、om water bodies, either natural or man-made, such as openoceans, estuaries or bays, lakes, rivers, smaller streams, canals;or from beaches, marshes, or banks lining or edging thesewater systems. Generally, the waterborne oils float on thesurface of the waters or collect on the land surfaces adjoinin
5、gthe waters, but occasionally these oils, or portions, are emul-sified or dissolved in the waters, or are incorporated into thesediments underlying the waters, or into the organisms livingin the water or sediments.1.3 This practice as presently written proposes the use ofspecific analytical techniqu
6、es described in the referencedASTM standards. As additional techniques for characterizingwaterborne oils are developed and written up as test methods,this practice will be revised.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibil
7、ityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 3325 Practice for Preservation of Waterborne OilSamplesD 3326 Pra
8、ctice for Preparation of Samples for Identifica-tion of Waterborne OilsD 3328 Test Methods for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by Gas ChromatographyD 3414 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by Infrared SpectroscopyD 3650 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-l
9、eum Oils by Fluorescence AnalysisD 4489 Practices for Sampling of Waterborne OilsD 4840 Guide for Sampling Chain of Custody ProceduresD 5037 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by High Performance Liquid Chromatography3D 5739 Practice for Oil Spill Source Identification by GasCh
10、romatography and Positive Ion Electron Impact LowResolution Mass SpectrometryE 620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Technical Experts3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 waterborne oilany oil, whether or not derived frompetroleum, carried by a water system (for example, ocean, bay,lake, river, etc.
11、) usually at the surface but occasionally emul-sified or dissolved in the water. The waterborne oil can also befound on beaches or banks edging the water body, in thesediments underlying the water, or in the organisms living inthe water or in the sediments.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in
12、this practice, referto Terminology D 1129, and to Practices D 3325, D 3326,D 4489, and D 5739, and Test Methods D 3328, D 3650, and D5037.4. Significance and Use4.1 Oil from one crude oil field is readily distinguishablefrom another, and differences in the makeup of oils from thesame crude oil field
13、 can often be observed as well. Refined oilsare fractions from crude oil stocks, usually derived fromdistillation processes. Two refined oils of the same type differbecause of dissimilarities in the characteristics of their crudeoil feed stocks as well as variations in refinery processes andany subs
14、equent contact with other oils mixed in during transferoperations from residues in tanks, ships, pipes, hoses, and soforth. Thus, all petroleum oils, to some extent, have chemicalcompositions different from each other.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the
15、direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysis forOrganic Substances in Water.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 3415 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.
16、astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
17、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Identification of a recovered oil is determined by com-parison with known oils selected because of their possiblerelationship to the particular recovered oil, for example,suspected sources. Thus, samples of such known oils mu
18、st becollected and submitted along with the unknown for analysis.Identification of the source of an unknown oil by itself cannotbe made without comparison to a known oil. The principles ofoil spill identification are discussed in Ref (1).4.3 Many similarities (within uncertainties of sampling,analys
19、is and weathering) will be needed to establish theidentity beyond a reasonable doubt. The analyses describedwill distinguish many, but not all samples. Examples ofweathering of various classes of oils are included in Ref (2).4.4 This practice is a guide to the use ofASTM test methodsfor the analysis
20、 of oil samples for oil spill identificationpurposes. The evaluation of results from analytical methodsand preparation of an Oil Spill Identification Report arediscussed in this practice. Other analytical methods are de-scribed in Ref (3).4.5 Aquality assurance program for oil spill identification i
21、sspecified.5. Plan for Identification of Waterborne Oils5.1 SamplingCollect a representative sample of oil ac-cording to Practice D 4489. Because of the wide variety of oilscarried and used by shipping and because of the possibility ofpollution also arising from industrial activity, samples ofsuspec
22、ted source oils must be collected at this time so thatcomparisons can be made between the waterborne oil inquestion and the suspected source oils. Chain of Custodyprocedures, such as Practice D 4840, should be followed.5.2 Preservation of SampleProtect the waterborne oil, aswell as the suspected sou
23、rce oils, against possible contamina-tion or microbial degradation, or both, by proper preservationmethods as described in Practice D 3325.5.3 Preparation of SamplePrepare the waterborne oil, aswell as the quality control sample (described in 5.4) and anysuspected source oils, as described in Practi
24、ce D 3326.5.4 Quality Assurance Procedures:5.4.1 In addition to procedures specified within each testmethod to monitor instrument performance, a quality controlsample is analyzed with samples for each spill case. Thismonitors both sample preparation and instrument performance.5.4.2 Remove an aliquot
25、 of one of the samples for each caseprior to sample preparation and treat it as a separate sample.This QC sample should be taken from a spill sample if there issufficient sample volume to do so. Otherwise, a suspectedsource sample may be used.5.4.3 Evaluate the data for the QC sample and its duplica
26、tealiquot according to the guidelines described for each TestMethod (refer to 5.5). If the data do not meet the criteria for amatch, investigate the problem. If there is a problem with oneinstrument, the analysis must be repeated for that test methodafter the problem is corrected. If there is a samp
27、le preparationproblem, the analysis should be repeated after the problem isidentified.5.5 Analysis of Samples:5.5.1 Analyze spill samples as well as any suspected sourceoils, by gas chromatography (Test Method A or B of TestMethods D 3328) and by either infrared analysis (Test MethodD 3414), or fluo
28、rescence spectroscopy (Test Method D 3650).Interpretation of the gas chromatograms and infrared or fluo-rescence spectra of the waterborne oil and the suspected sourceoils should provide information as to whether the waterborneoil is from a petroleum source, whether its carbon-numberrange is similar
29、 to distillate, residual, or crude oil, and whetherit resembles any of the possible suspected source oils. If thewaterborne oil is weathered, it may not be possible to deter-mine if it is a crude oil or a residual oil by gas chromatography.Odor and physical appearance may help to determine if thewat
30、erborne oil is actually from a petroleum source. Distillationis not required.5.5.2 For final identification with a possible source, thesamples shall be analyzed by another method in addition toTest Method D 3328. Test Method D 3650 or Test MethodD 3414, if there is sufficient sample to do so, may be
31、 used forsimple cases without significant weathering. If weathering issignificant, analysis should include Practice D 5739.6. Evaluation of Analytical Data6.1 Data interpretation in oil spill source identification is notstraight forward. It is fundamentally different from that ofquantitative chemica
32、l analyses, in that it involves a qualitativecomparison of “fingerprints.” The primary difference arisesbecause of a complication brought about by the chemicalalteration of a spilled oil. From the moment oil enters theenvironment, evaporation, dissolution, photochemical oxida-tion, biodegradation, a
33、nd other processes begin to alter the oilscharacteristics or “fingerprint.” The combined effects of theseprocesses are termed weathering and can significantly compli-cate data interpretation. The experienced oil spill analyst isfamiliar with the complexities of the weathering processes andtheir impa
34、ct on the test methods, and is able to distinguish realdifferences between two oils from those apparent differencesresulting from weathering alterations. Contamination of thespilled oil with other oils or chemical substances is anotherfactor which may have to be considered. Interference fromcontamin
35、ants can usually be recognized as such and discountedwhen weighing the test results. However, at times, severeweathering or contamination, or both, can mask most of theinherent similarities between oils. In such cases, comparison oftest results may be inconclusive. For such cases, biomarkeranalysis
36、by GC/MS (Practice D 5739) is imperative and maygive conclusive results when other methods do not.6.2 For each standard method, results are specified asMatch, Probable Match, Indeterminate and Non-Match. Thesecategories represent standardized degrees of differences be-tween the analyses of two oils.
37、 They are not intended, bythemselves, to make a statement about the origin of the oil. Theanalyst interprets the results of all the tests in the light ofexperience and the existing body of knowledge about oilanalysis, and draws conclusions about whether or not certainsamples came from the same sourc
38、e. For example, evaporativeweathering may affect the comparison of fluorescence orinfrared fingerprints more severely than the gas chromato-grams. The overall conclusion should be consistent with thecombined results.D 3415 98 (2004)27. Reporting Results7.1 The results and overall conclusions should
39、be reportedfor the combined results of the test method used. An acceptedformat similar to Practice E 620 may be used. Copies of theoriginal data and the conditions for each test method should beappended to the report.8. Keywords8.1 oil analysis; oil identification; spilled oils; waterborneoils; weat
40、heringREFERENCES(1) Bentz, A. P., “Oil Spill Identification,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 48,1976, pp 454A to 472A.(2) Oil Spill Identification System, U.S. Coast Guard, CG-D-52-77,ADA044750, NTIS, Springfield, VA, June 1977.(3) Butt, J. A., ed., Characterization of Spilled Oil Samples, published onbe
41、half of The Institute of Petroleum, London, John Wiley and Sons,New York, NY, 1986.SUMMARY OF CHANGESThis section identifies the location of selected changes to this practice that have been incorporated since thelast issue. For the convenience of the user, Committee D19 has highlighted those changes
42、 that may impact theuse of this practice. This section may also include descriptions of the changes or reasons for the changes, or both.(1) The changes in this revision provide an overview of theprinciples of oil spill identification, reference existing standardmethods for oil spill identification,
43、and indicate options for useof the standard methods.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rig
44、hts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for
45、 revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
46、 you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 3415 98 (2004)3
