1、Designation: D 3424 09Standard Practice forEvaluating the Relative Lightfastness and Weatherability ofPrinted Matter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This standard describes procedures for the determina-tion of the relative lightfastness and weatherability of p
3、rintedmatter under the following conditions, which involve exposureto natural daylight or accelerated procedures in the laboratory:1.1.1 Method 1Daylight behind window glass,1.1.2 Method 2Outdoor weathering,1.1.3 Method 3Xenon-arc apparatus with window glassfilters to simulate daylight behind window
4、 glass,1.1.4 Method 4Xenon-arc apparatus with water spray anddaylight filters to simulate outdoor weathering,1.1.5 Method 7Fluorescent lamp apparatus to simulateindoor fluorescent lighting in combination with window-filtered daylight.1.1.6 Method 8Fluorescent lamp apparatus operating withfluorescent
5、 cool white lamps to simulate indoor fluorescentlighting.NOTE 1Previous versions of this standard included Methods 5 and 6that are based on enclosed carbon-arc exposures. These methods aredescribed in Appendix X1. The spectral irradiance of the enclosedcarbon-arc is a very poor simulation of solar r
6、adiation, window glassfiltered solar radiation, or the emission of lamps used for interior lighting.In addition, enclosed carbon-arc devices are no longer readily available orcommonly used.1.2 These methods require that a suitable print or othercontrol (reference standard) be run along with the test
7、 sample.Color changes due to conditions of exposure may be evaluatedby visual examination or instrumental measurement.1.3 These methods are applicable to prints on any flatsubstrate including paper, paperboard, metallic foil, metalplate, and plastic film, and are produced by any printingprocess incl
8、uding letterpress, offset lithography, flexography,gravure, and silk screen.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
9、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1729 Practice for Visual
10、 Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-ence With a Gray ScaleD 4302 Specification
11、 for Artists Oil, Resin-Oil, and AlkydPaintsD 4674 Practice for Accelerated Testing for Color Stabilityof Plastics Exposed to Indoor Office EnvironmentsD 5067 Specification for Artists Watercolor PaintsD 5098 Specification for Artists Acrylic Dispersion PaintsE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 991 Pra
12、ctice for Color Measurement of FluorescentSpecimens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE 1349 Test Method for Re
13、flectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryG7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental ExposureTesting of Nonmetallic MaterialsG24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Fil-tered Through GlassG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeath
14、ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibili
15、ty ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3424 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceas
16、tm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United S
17、tates.G 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatusfor UV Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatusfor Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials2.2 A
18、NSI Standard:PH 2.30 for Graphic Arts and PhotographyColor Prints,Transparencies and Photomechanical Reproductions,Viewing Conditions32.3 ISO Standard:ISO 9370 Plastics Instrumental determination of radiantexposure in weathering testsGeneral guidance and basictest method33. Terminology3.1 Definition
19、s relating to weathering tests are covered inTerminology G113. Definitions relating to color attributes andcolor differences are covered in Practices D 1729 and D 2244.Other appearance terms used in these test methods are definedin Terminology E 284.4. Summary of Exposure Methods4.1 Printed specimen
20、s of the test and control are simulta-neously exposed under conditions appropriate to the end-useapplication, or as agreed upon between the producer and theuser.4.2 The color changes of the exposed prints are periodicallyevaluated visually or instrumentally versus either an exposedcontrol or an unex
21、posed file specimen.4.3 The endpoint is reached when it is established that thetest print is equal to, better than, or worse than the control.5. Significance and Use5.1 Lightfastness or weatherability for specified periods oftime is pertinent for certain types of printed matter such asmagazine and b
22、ook covers, posters and billboards, greetingcards and packages. Since the ability of printed matter towithstand color changes is a function of the spectral-powerdistribution of the light source to which it is exposed, it isimportant that lightfastness be assessed under conditions ap-propriate to the
23、 end-use application.5.2 The accelerated procedures covered in these exposuremethods provide means for the rapid evaluation of lightfastnessor weatherability under laboratory conditions. Test results areuseful for specification acceptance between producer and userand for quality control.5.2.1 The xe
24、non-arc lamp with an appropriate filter systemexhibits a spectral-power distribution that corresponds moreclosely to that of daylight than the carbon-arc. In turn,accelerated tests using xenon-arc apparatus may be expected tocorrelate better with exposure to natural daylight than do thoseusing carbo
25、n-arc apparatus.5.3 To accommodate variations in light intensity amongdays, seasons, locations, or instruments, duration of exposure ispreferably expressed as the radiant exposure in specific band-passes rather than time. In either case, the inclusion of anappropriate control serves to minimize effe
26、cts of variations intest conditions.5.4 Color changes are not a linear function of duration ofexposure. The preferred method of determining lightfastness orweatherability is to expose the prints for a number of intervalsand to assess the time or radiant exposure required to obtain aspecified color d
27、ifference.5.5 For a given printing ink, lightfastness and weatherabilityor both depend on the type of substrate, the film thickness ofthe print, and the area printed (solid versus screen). Therefore,it is important that the nature of the test and control specimenscorrespond to that expected under ac
28、tual use conditions.NOTE 2Specifications D 4302, D 5067, and D 5098 provide usefulguides to the lightfastness of pigments in several types of artists paintsafter 1260 MJ/m2total window glass filtered solar radiant exposure(equivalent to about 2 or 3 months exposure to window glass filtered solarradi
29、ation in accordance with Practice G24at a tilt angle of 45 degrees).However, because of major differences between printing inks and artistscolors, especially in applied film thickness, it cannot be assumed that thelightfastness categories of printed ink films containing these pigments willbe compara
30、ble to those indicated in the three specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Exposure Apparatus:6.1.1 Exposure Method 1 Daylight Behind WindowGlassOutdoor exposure cabinet conforming to Method A ofPractice G24.6.1.2 Exposure Method 2 Outdoor WeatheringOutdoorexposure rack conforming to Practice G7.6.1.3 Expos
31、ure Methods 1 and 2 require a broad band UVradiometer meeting the requirements of ISO 9370.NOTE 3In Method 1, the glass typically removes most short wave-length UV radiation up to about 310 nm. Commercial suppliers ofexposures conducted according to Method 1 or Method 2 measure avariety of climate p
32、arameters including temperature and relative humidityduring these exposures, and can provide this data upon request.6.1.4 Exposure Method 3 Xenon-Arc with Window GlassFiltersXenon-arc apparatus equipped with a window glassfilter to simulate solar radiation filtered through window glassas specified i
33、n the Apparatus sections of Practices G 151 andG 155.6.1.5 Exposure Method 4 Xenon-arc with Daylight Filtersand Water SprayXenon-arc apparatus equipped with a day-light filter and water spray to simulate outdoor weathering asspecified in the Apparatus sections of Practices G 151 andG 155.6.1.6 Expos
34、ure Method 7 Fluorescent UV/Cool WhiteLamp ApparatusExposure cabinet conforming to PracticeD 4674, Method 1. This exposure uses soda lime glass filteredfluorescent UVA340 or UVB lamps in combination with veryhigh output (VHO) cool white fluorescent lamps. Conditionsare adjusted to produce a defined
35、condition of UV exposuremeasured from 250 nm to 400 nm and are conducted to a timeagreed upon by interested parties.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D34240926.1.7 Exposure Method 8 Fluorescent-Lamp Apparatu
36、s con-forming to the requirements of Practice G 154. Fluorescentcool white lamps to conform to the requirements of PracticeD 4674, Annex A2.6.2 Apparatus for Print Evaluation:6.2.1 Standard Daylight, (for visual evaluation), preferablya D50 light source conforming to ANSI Standard PH 2.30.6.2.2 Gray
37、 Scale Chart and Masks, (optional, for visualevaluation) conforming to Test Method D 2616.6.2.3 Color Measuring Instrument, (for instrumental evalu-ation), such as a spectrophotometer conforming to Test MethodE 1331 or E 1349, or a tristimulus colorimeter conforming toTest Method E 1347, or, if the
38、specimens are fluorescent, toPractice E 991.7. Materials7.1 Control (Reference Standard), preferably a printedspecimen of known lightfastness or weatherability; alterna-tively, AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standards in accor-dance with Practice G 151.7.2 Mounting Material, such as light-weight card
39、 stock, onwhich to mount non-rigid specimens (paper, plastic, or foil)during exposure tests.7.3 Masking Material, (optional), such as white card stock,aluminum foil, or other opaque material with a non-UV-reflecting surface.7.4 Unprinted Stock, (optional), identical to that used for theprinted speci
40、mens.7.5 Backing Material, (for use during instrument measure-ments on nonopaque specimens), such as several sheets of theunprinted stock, a standard white (card) stock, or a sparecalibration standard.8. Hazards8.1 Precaution: Never look directly at the sun or theoperating light source of an acceler
41、ated aging apparatus unlesswearing UV protective eyewear.8.2 Newer accelerated apparatus are equipped with safetyswitches that turn the lamps off prior to gaining access. Usersof very old carbon-arc apparatus must be certain to turn theswitch off before opening the test chamber door.8.3 Users of car
42、bon-arc apparatus are cautioned that burningcarbon rods become very hot. After the device is turned off,wait at least 15 min for the arcs to cool, and wear canvas orother protective work gloves when changing the rods. Avoidinhaling ash dust.9. Test Specimens9.1 These exposure methods do not cover pr
43、eparation ofprinted specimens. The test print should match the control printin color, substrate, print area, and ink film thickness.9.2 It may be useful to include the unprinted substrate and avehicle print in exposure tests so as to determine the contribu-tion of paper or vehicle yellowing to color
44、 changes.9.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon, at least two specimensare to be exposed at each set of test conditions. The testspecimens shall be of uniform color, gloss, and texture; cleanand free of fingerprints.9.3.1 Warning: When handling test specimens, be carefulnot to contaminate the surface by t
45、ouching with fingers.9.4 For visual evaluation, the specimen size indicated inPractice D 1729 is a minimum of 90 by 165 mm. Forinstrumental evaluation, the specimen must be large enough tocover the specimen port; a minimum size of 35 mm2issatisfactory for many instruments. In the case of samplesinte
46、nded for xenon-lamp or carbon-arc exposure, the speci-mens should be of sufficient dimensions to be accommodatedin the specimen holders.9.5 Prepare file specimens (unexposed controls) in thefollowing manner:(1) For visually evaluated tests, set aside a replicate print orcut off a segment of suitable
47、 size; store in a dark dry place.(2) For instrumentally evaluated tests, make color measure-ments on the relevant specimen area(s) prior to exposure; see11.3.1 and 11.3.2.NOTE 4The file specimen should not be a masked specimen. Eventhough shielded from radiation, some materials may undergo colorchan
48、ges due to the heat or moisture present during the test.9.6 Mount nonrigid specimens onto cardstock. If masking isspecified in order to obtain multiple exposures on a singlespecimen, make certain that the size of each exposed areaconforms to 9.4. Place specimens intended for xenon-arc orcarbon-arc e
49、xposure in specimen holders; provide a sufficientnumber of blanks so as to fill the specimen rack.10. Procedures for Light and Weather Exposure10.1 Expose the test specimens simultaneously with thecontrol in the apparatus and under the conditions agreed uponbetween the producer and the user. When conditions have notbeen specified, use the following guidelines:EXPOSURE METHOD 1 DAYLIGHT BEHINDWINDOW GLASS10.1.1 Common commercial exposure sites are southernFlorida (a high humidity area) and Arizona (a low humidityarea). Table 1 shows the average daily sola
