1、Designation:D342409 Designation: D3424 11Standard Practice forEvaluating the Relative Lightfastness and Weatherability ofPrinted Matter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope *1.1 This standard describes procedures for the determination of the relative lightfastness and w
3、eatherability of printed matterunder the following conditions, which involve exposure to natural daylight or accelerated procedures in the laboratory:1.1.1 Method 1Daylight behind window glass,1.1.2 Method 2Outdoor weathering,1.1.3 Method 3Xenon-arc apparatus with window glass filters to simulate da
4、ylight behind window glass,1.1.4 Method 4Xenon-arc apparatus with water spray and daylight filters to simulate outdoor weathering,1.1.5 Method 7Fluorescent lamp apparatus to simulate indoor fluorescent lighting in combination with window-filtereddaylight.1.1.6 Method 8Fluorescent lamp apparatus oper
5、ating with fluorescent cool white lamps to simulate indoor fluorescentlighting.NOTE 1Previous versions of this standard included Methods 5 and 6 that are based on enclosed carbon-arc exposures. These methods are describedin Appendix X1. The spectral irradiance of the enclosed carbon-arc is a very po
6、or simulation of solar radiation, window glass filtered solar radiation,orthe emission of lamps used for interior lighting. In addition, enclosed carbon-arc devices are no longer readily available or commonly used.1.2 These methods require that a suitable print or other control (reference standard)
7、be run along with the test sample. Colorchanges due to conditions of exposure may be evaluated by visual examination or instrumental measurement.1.3 These methods are applicable to prints on any flat substrate including paper, paperboard, metallic foil, metal plate, andplastic film, and are produced
8、 by any printing process including letterpress, offset lithography, flexography, gravure, and silkscreen.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety conce
9、rns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standar
10、ds:2D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesD2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a G
11、ray ScaleD4302 Specification for Artists Oil, Resin-Oil, and Alkyd PaintsD4674 Practice for Accelerated Testing for Color Stability of Plastics Exposed to Indoor Office EnvironmentsD5067 Specification for Artists Watercolor PaintsD5098 Specification for Artists Acrylic Dispersion PaintsE284 Terminol
12、ogy of AppearanceE991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator MethodE1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus ColorimetryE
13、1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45) Geometry1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Print
14、ing Inks.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009.2011. Published February 2009.2011. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20012009 as D3424 019.DOI: 10.1520/D3424-09.10.1520/D3424-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Custome
15、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the
16、previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of
17、 Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.G7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight
18、Filtered Through GlassG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposur
19、e of Nonmetallic MaterialsG154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials2.2 ANSI Standard:PH 2.30 for Graphic Arts and PhotographyColor Prints, Transparencies
20、 and Photomechanical Reproductions, ViewingConditions32.3 ISO Standard:ISO 9370 Plastics Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering testsGeneral guidance and basic testmethod33. Terminology3.1 Definitions relating to weathering tests are covered in Terminology G113. Definitions rel
21、ating to color attributes and colordifferences are covered in Practices D1729 and D2244. Other appearance terms used in these test methods are defined inTerminology E284.4. Summary of Exposure Methods4.1 Printed specimens of the test and control are simultaneously exposed under conditions appropriat
22、e to the end-useapplication, or as agreed upon between the producer and the user.4.2 The color changes of the exposed prints are periodically evaluated visually or instrumentally versus either an exposedcontrol or an unexposed file specimen.4.3The endpoint is reached when it is established that the
23、test print is equal to, better than, or worse than the control.4.3 The endpoint is reached when it is established that the test print is equal to, better than, or worse than the control after equalexposure periods or based on duration of exposures required to produce a predetermined color change in
24、each.5. Significance and Use5.1 Lightfastness or weatherability for specified periods of time is pertinent for certain types of printed matter such as magazineand book covers, posters and billboards, greeting cards and packages. Since the ability of printed matter to withstand color changesis a func
25、tion of the spectral-power distribution of the light source to which it is exposed, it is important that lightfastness beassessed under conditions appropriate to the end-use application.5.2 The accelerated procedures covered in these exposure methods provide means for the rapid evaluation of lightfa
26、stness orweatherability under laboratory conditions. Test results are useful for specification acceptance between producer and user and forquality control.5.2.1 The xenon-arc lamp with an appropriate filter system exhibits a spectral-power distribution that corresponds more closelyto that of dayligh
27、t than the carbon-arc. In turn, accelerated tests using xenon-arc apparatus may be expected to correlate better withexposure to natural daylight than do those using carbon-arc apparatus.5.3 To accommodate variations in light intensity among days, seasons, locations, or instruments, duration of expos
28、ure ispreferably expressed as the radiant exposure in specific bandpasses rather than time. In either case, the inclusion of an appropriatecontrol serves to minimize effects of variations in test conditions.5.4 Color changes are not a linear function of duration of exposure. The preferred method of
29、determining lightfastness orweatherability is to expose the prints for a number of intervals and to assess the time or radiant exposure required to obtain aspecified color difference.5.5 For a given printing ink, lightfastness and weatherability or both depend on the type of substrate, the film thic
30、kness of theprint, and the area printed (solid versus screen). Therefore, it is important that the nature of the test and control specimenscorrespond to that expected under actual use conditions.NOTE 2Specifications D4302, D5067, and D5098 provide useful guides to the lightfastness of pigments in se
31、veral types of artists paints after 1260MJ/m2total window glass filtered solar radiant exposure (equivalent to about 2 or 3 months exposure to window glass filtered solar radiation inaccordance with Practice G24 at a tilt angle of 45 degrees). However, because of major differences between printing i
32、nks and artists colors, especiallyin applied film thickness, it cannot be assumed that the lightfastness categories of printed ink films containing these pigments will be comparable to thoseindicated in the three specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Exposure Apparatus:3Available from American National Sta
33、ndards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D3424 1126.1.1 Exposure Method 1 Daylight Behind Window GlassOutdoor exposure cabinet conforming to Method A of PracticeG24.6.1.2 Exposure Method 2 Outdoor WeatheringOutdoor exposure rack conforming to Practic
34、e G7.6.1.3 Exposure Methods 1 and 2 require a broad band UV radiometer meeting the requirements of ISO 9370.NOTE 3In Method 1, the glass typically removes most short wavelength UV radiation up to about 310 nm. Commercial suppliers of exposuresconducted according to Method 1 or Method 2 measure a var
35、iety of climate parameters including temperature and relative humidity during theseexposures, and can provide this data upon request.6.1.4 Exposure Method 3 Xenon-Arc with Window Glass FiltersXenon-arc apparatus equipped with a window glass filter tosimulate solar radiation filtered through window g
36、lass as specified in the Apparatus sections of Practices G151 and G155.6.1.5 Exposure Method 4 Xenon-arc with Daylight Filters and Water SprayXenon-arc apparatus equipped with a daylightfilter and water spray to simulate outdoor weathering as specified in the Apparatus sections of Practices G151 and
37、 G155.6.1.6 Exposure Method 7 Fluorescent UV/Cool White Lamp ApparatusExposure cabinet conforming to Practice D4674,Method 1. This exposure uses soda lime glass filtered fluorescent UVA340 or UVB lamps in combination with very high output(VHO) cool white fluorescent lamps. Conditions are adjusted to
38、 produce a defined condition of UV exposure measured from 250nm to 400 nm and are conducted to a time agreed upon by interested parties.6.1.7 Exposure Method 8 Fluorescent-Lamp Apparatus conforming to the requirements of Practice G154. Fluorescent coolwhite lamps to conform to the requirements of Pr
39、actice D4674, Annex A2.6.2 Apparatus for Print Evaluation:6.2.1 Standard Daylight, (for visual evaluation), preferably a D50 light source conforming to ANSI Standard PH 2.30.6.2.2 Gray Scale Chart and Masks, (optional, for visual evaluation) conforming to Test Method D2616.6.2.3 Color Measuring Inst
40、rument , (for instrumental evaluation), such as a spectrophotometer conforming to Test MethodE1331 or E1349, or a tristimulus colorimeter conforming to Test Method E1347, or, if the specimens are fluorescent, to PracticeE991.7. Materials7.1 Control (Reference Standard), preferably a printed specimen
41、 of known lightfastness or weatherability; alternatively,AATCCBlue Wool Lightfastness Standards in accordance with Practice G151.7.2 Mounting Material, such as light-weight card stock, on which to mount non-rigid specimens (paper, plastic, or foil) duringexposure tests.7.3 Masking Material, (optiona
42、l), such as white card stock, aluminum foil, or other opaque material with a non-UV-reflectingsurface.7.4 Unprinted Stock, (optional), identical to that used for the printed specimens.7.5 Backing Material, (for use during instrument measurements on nonopaque specimens), such as several sheets of the
43、unprinted stock, a standard white (card) stock, or a spare calibration standard.8. Hazards8.1 Precaution: Never look directly at the sun or the operating light source of an accelerated aging apparatus unless wearingUV protective eyewear.8.2 Newer accelerated apparatus are equipped with safety switch
44、es that turn the lamps off prior to gaining access. Users of veryold carbon-arc apparatus must be certain to turn the switch off before opening the test chamber door.8.3 Users of carbon-arc apparatus are cautioned that burning carbon rods become very hot. After the device is turned off, waitat least
45、 15 min for the arcs to cool, and wear canvas or other protective work gloves when changing the rods. Avoid inhaling ashdust.9. Test Specimens9.1 These exposure methods do not cover preparation of printed specimens. The test print should match the control print incolor, substrate, print area, and in
46、k film thickness.9.2 It may be useful to include the unprinted substrate and a vehicle print in exposure tests so as to determine the contributionof paper or vehicle yellowing to color changes.9.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon, at least two specimens are to be exposed at each set of test conditions.
47、The test specimensshall be of uniform color, gloss, and texture; clean and free of fingerprints.9.3.1 Warning: When handling test specimens, be careful not to contaminate the surface by touching with fingers.9.4 For visual evaluation, the specimen size indicated in Practice D1729 is a minimum of 90
48、by 165 mm. For instrumentalevaluation, the specimen must be large enough to cover the specimen port; a minimum size of 35 mm2is satisfactory for manyinstruments. In the case of samples intended for xenon-lamp or carbon-arc exposure, the specimens should be of sufficientdimensions to be accommodated
49、in the specimen holders.9.5 Prepare file specimens (unexposed controls) in the following manner:(1) For visually evaluated tests, set aside a replicate print or cut off a segment of suitable size; store in a dark dry place.D3424 113(2) For instrumentally evaluated tests, make color measurements on the relevant specimen area(s) prior to exposure; see 11.3.1and 11.3.2.NOTE 4The file specimen should not be a masked specimen. Even though shielded from radiation, some materials may undergo color changes dueto the heat or moisture present during the test.9.6 M
