1、Designation: D 3451 06Standard Guide forTesting Coating Powders and Powder Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of proceduresfor testing coating powders and powder coatings. The testmethods included are listed in Tab
3、le 1. Where more than onetest method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt ismade to indicate superiority of one method over another.Selection of the methods to be followed must be governed byexperience and the requirements in each individual case,together with agreement between the purc
4、haser and the seller.1.2 This guide also refers to methods developed specificallyfor the coating powder industry by the Powder CoatingInstitute, PCI, and the International Organization for Stan-dards, ISO.1.3 This guide describes the testing of coating powders asapplied by electrostatic spray, fluid
5、ized bed, or any otherapplicable method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
6、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusD 522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of AttachedOr
7、ganic CoatingsD 523 Test Method for Specular GlossD 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, andRelated Coating ProductsD 610 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Rusting onPainted Steel SurfacesD 658 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance
8、 of OrganicCoatings by Air Blast Abrasive3D 660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking ofExterior PaintsD 661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking ofExterior PaintsD 662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion ofExterior PaintsD 714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blisterin
9、g ofPaintsD 772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-ing) of Exterior PaintsD 822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-sures of Paint and Related CoatingsD 870 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of CoatingsUsing Water ImmersionD 968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance o
10、f OrganicCoatings by Falling AbrasiveD 1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using MicrometersD 1014 Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests ofPaints and Coatings on Metal SubstratesD 1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals onClear and Pigment
11、ed Organic FinishesD 1474 Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of OrganicCoatingsD 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-temD 1654 Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or CoatedSpecimens Subjected to Corrosive EnvironmentsD 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDiff
12、erences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum andAluminum-Alloy Surfaces for PaintingD 1731 Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip AluminumSurfaces for PaintingD 1732 Practices for Preparation of Magnesium Alloy Sur-faces for PaintingD 1735 Practice for
13、Testing Water Resistance of CoatingsUsing Water Fog ApparatusD 1895 Test Methods for Apparent Density, Bulk Factor,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.51 on Powder Co
14、atings.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3451 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and Pourability of Plastic MaterialsD 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics3D 1921 Test
16、 Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) ofPlastic MaterialsD 2091 Test Method for Print Resistance of LacquersD 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)Steel Surfaces for PaintingD 2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc-Alloy-Coated Steel Panels for Testing Paint and
17、 RelatedCoating ProductsD 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD 2247 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings in100 % Relative HumidityD 2248 Practice for Detergent Resistance of Organic Fin-ishesD 2369 Test Met
18、hod for Volatile Content of CoatingsD 2454 Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbakingon Organic CoatingsD 2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-ence With a Gray ScaleD 2793 Test Method for Block Resistance of Organic Coat-ings on Wood Panel SubstratesD 2794 Test Method for Re
19、sistance of Organic Coatings tothe Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)D 2803 Guide for Testing Filiform Corrosion Resistance ofOrganic Coatings on MetalD 2967 Test Method for Corner Coverage of Powder Coat-ingsD 3003 Test Method for Pressure Mottling and BlockingResistance of Organic Coatings on M
20、etal SubstratesD 3023 Practice for Determination of Resistance ofFactory-Applied Coatings on Wood Products to Stains andReagentsD 3134 Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Toler-ancesD 3170 Test Method for Chipping Resistance of CoatingsD 3260 Test Method for Acid and Mortar Resistance ofFactor
21、y-Applied Clear Coatings on Extruded AluminumProductsD 3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape TestD 3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil TestD 3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Com-pound (VOC) Content of Paints and Related CoatingsD 4017 Test Method for Water in Paints
22、 and Paint Materialsby Karl Fischer MethodD 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of OrganicCoatings by the Taber AbraserD 4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of MetamerismD 4141 Practice for Conducting Black Box and Solar Con-centrating Exposures of CoatingsD 4145 Test Method for Coating Flexibi
23、lity of PrepaintedSheetD 4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalk-ing of Exterior Paint FilmsD 4217 Test Method for Gel Time of Thermosetting Coat-ing PowderD 4242 Test Method for Inclined Plate Flow for Thermo-setting Coating PowdersD 4585 Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatin
24、gsUsing Controlled CondensationD 4587 Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Expo-sures of Paint and Related CoatingsD 5031 Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Testsof Paint and Related CoatingsD 5382 Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Pow-der CoatingsD 5531 Guide for Preparation,
25、Maintenance, and Distribu-tion of Physical Product Standards for Color and Geomet-ric Appearance of CoatingsD 5767 Test Methods for Instrumental Measurement ofDistinctness-of-Image Gloss of Coating SurfacesD 5861 Guide for Significance of Particle Size Measure-ments of Coating PowdersD 5965 Test Met
26、hods for Specific Gravity of Coating Pow-dersD 6132 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement ofDry Film Thickness ofApplied Organic Coatings Using anUltrasonic GageD 6441 Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power ofPowder CoatingsD 6695 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint andRelated Coatin
27、gsD 7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied toFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-ings Applied to Non-Ferrous MetalsE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice fo
28、r Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 430 Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry3E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Us
29、ing Hemispherical GeometryE 1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability ofColor Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus (Filter) ColorimetryE 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometr
30、y Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryG 141 Guide forAddressing Variability in Exposure Testingof Nonmetallic MaterialsG 147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonme-tallic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering TestsG 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celer
31、ated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG 152 Practice for Operating Open Flame CarbonArc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsD3451062G 154 Practice for Operating Fluoresce
32、nt Light Apparatusfor UV Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG 155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatusfor Exposure of Non-Metallic Materials2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 8130-1 Determination of particle size distribution bysievingISO 8130-2 Determination of density by gas comparisonpykometer (ref
33、eree method)ISO 8130-3 Determination of density by liquid displace-ment pykometerISO 8130-4 Calculation of lower explosion limitISO 8130-5 Determination of flow properties of a powder/air mixtureISO 8130-6 Determination of gel time of thermosettingcoating powders at a given temperatureISO 8130-7 Det
34、ermination of loss of mass on stovingISO 8130-8 Assessment of the storage stability of thermo-setting powdersISO 8130-9 SamplingISO 8130-10 Deposition efficiency of coating powdersISO 8130-11 Inclined-plane flow testISO 8130-12 Determination of compatibilityISO 813013 Coating Powder Part B; Particle
35、 size analy-sis by laser diffractionISO 813014 Powder Coating Terminology2.3 PCI Recommended Procedures:5PCI #1 Accelerated Stability Test Powder CoatingsPCI #2 Compatibility of Powder CoatingsPCI #3 Contrast Ratio Powder CoatingsPCI #4 Density of Powder Coating MaterialsPCI #6 Gel Time ReactivityPC
36、I #7 Inclined Plate FlowPCI #9 Cured Weight Loss for Thermosetting CoatingPowders3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 contrast ratio, na value related to the hiding powderof a coating.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe ratio of the reflectance of thecoating over black and white backgrounds at equal filmthickness.
37、 In the coatings industry 98 % contrast ratio is byconvention characterized as being visually opaque, for hidingpower measurement purposes, although it is recognized thatvisually (just as photometrically) the opacity is actually some-what less than complete. For the reported hiding power to besignif
38、icant, the contrast ratio value must be reported at aspecific film thickness.3.1.2 hiding power, nthe spreading rate of a coating at aspecified level of hiding, which is conventionally 0.98 contrastratio representing photometric “complete hiding.”3.1.2.1 DiscussionPractically speaking, hiding power
39、isthe extent to which a powder coating masks the color andpattern of the substrate at a given film thickness.3.1.3 minimum explosive concentration (MEC), nthelower point for a range of concentrations of organic particlessuspended in air that can be ignited by a sufficient energysource.3.1.3.1 Discus
40、sionAlso referred to as LEL or LowerExplosive Level.3.1.4 orange peel, nthe appearance of irregularity of asurface resembling the skin of an orange.3.1.5 pourability, nthe ability of a dry coating to flowuniformly or to be continuously poured from a container at asteady rate.3.1.6 specific gravity,
41、nan expression of ratio of thedensity of a material to that of water at a given temperature andpressure.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Many of the following definitions specific to thisguide were taken from the Powder Coating Institutes Publi-cation, “Powder Coating Terms 8
42、130-3Melting point determination 19Application Properties:Deposition/transfer efficiency of powder coating process 20 8130-10Powder Coating Properties:Abrasion resistance 22Air blast abrasion tester 22.2 D 658Falling sand method 22.2 D 968Taber abraser 22.2 D 4060Adhesion 23Tape adhesion 23.2 D 3359
43、Chemical resistance 24Household chemical resistance 24.2 D 1308Detergent resistance 24.3 D 2248Acid resistance 24.4 D 3260Stains or reagents on wood substrates 24.5 D 3023Chip resistance 25Gravelmeter 25.2 D 3170Corner coverage 26.2 D 2967Elongation (flexibility) 27Conical/cylindrical mandrel 27.2 D
44、 522T-Bend 27.2 D 4145Film thickness 21.5Nonmagnetic coatings on ferrous metals D 7091Nonmagnetic, nonconductive coatings on non-ferrous metals D 7091On nonmetal base D 6132Destructive method D 1005Hardness 28Pencil 28.2 D 3363Knoop Indention 28.3 D 1474D3451064TABLE 1 ContinuedSection ASTM Method P
45、CI Procedure ISOImpact resistance 29 D 2794Molting/blocking resistance 30 D 3003On Metal substrates 30.2 D 3003In Wood substrates 30.3 D 2793Print resistance 31 D 2091Optical properties 32Guide To: 32.1 D 5382Color pigmented coatings 32.2Visual 32.2.2 D 1535Instrumental 32.3.3 D 2244, E 308,E 1164,
46、E 1331,E 1345, E 1347,E 1349Color difference 32.3Visual 32.3.2 D 1535, D 1729,D 2244Instrumental 32.3.3 D 2244, E 308,E 1164, E 1331,E 1345, E 1347,E 1349Metamerism (visual) 32.4.1 D 4086Distinction of image (DOI) 32.5.1 D 5767, E 430Hiding power/opacity 32.6.2 D 6441 #3Gloss 32.7.2 D 523Surface pro
47、file (orange peel) 32.8.2Color/Gloss/Texture Standards 32.932.9.1Preparation, Maintenance, and Distribution 32.9.2 D 5531Tolerances 32.9.3 D 3134Outdoor exposure (natural) 33 D 1014, D 4141Adhesion 33.2.1 D 3359Blistering 33.2.2 D 714Chalking 33.2.3 D 4214Checking 33.2.4 D 660Cracking 33.2.5 D 661Ru
48、sting 33.2.6 D 610Erosion 33.2.7 D 662Flaking 33.2.8 D 772Gloss 33.2.9 D 523Color 33.2.10 D 1729, D 2244,D 4086Accelerated artificial weathering 34.3 D 822, D 4587,D 5031, D 6695,G 141, G 147, G 151,G 152, G 153, G 154,G 155Accelerated environmental exposures 35Filiform corrosion 35.2.1 D 2803Salt s
49、pray 35.2.2 B 117SCAB corrosion 35.2.3Water resistance 35.2.4High humidity/100 % humidity 35.2.4.1 D 1735, D 2247Condensation 35.2.4.2 D 4585Water immersion 35.2.4.3 D 8704. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides a useful summary to the selectionand use of procedures for testing coating powders and powdercoatings. It is applicable to both thermoplastic and thermosetcoatings, unless indicated otherwise. By design this guide doesnot purport to address test methods or procedures developedspecifically for the functional powder coating market, thosecoating powde
