1、Designation: D 3474 90 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forCalibration and Use of Torque Meters Used in PackagingApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3474; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the calibration and use of torquemeters of the type normally used in packaging
3、applications.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
4、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3198 Test Method for Application and Removal Torqueof Threaded or Lug-Style Closures3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of application torque andremoval torque, see Test Method D 3198.3.2 stripping torque a force or system of forces acting ina tigh
5、tening direction that causes overrunning of the threads orrotation of an overshell with respect to its supporting member.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Calibration Reference torque values are obtained bymeans of vertically suspended dead weights acting at specificdistances from the axis of the mounting p
6、latform of the tester.4.2 UseTorque values to apply or remove closures areobtained by mounting containers on the platform and eitherapplying or removing the closures. In some applications, theclosure is mounted on the platform and the container is rotated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice can
7、 be used to check devices used tomeasure the application and removal torques of continuous orintermittent thread and lug closures.5.2 This practice can be used to determine the amount oftorque to either apply or remove a closure.6. Apparatus6.1 AdapterA circular plate that can be mounted concen-tric
8、ally on the platform of the tester. If the platform itself issuitable, an adapter is not necessary. The adapter should be ofsuch diameter that its radius multiplied by appropriate weightswill give torque values equal to14 ,12 , and full-scale meterreadings. (Typical devices for packaging application
9、s haveranges from: 0 to 10, 0 to 25, 0 to 50, and 0 to 100 lbf-in. (0to 1.13, 0 to 2.8, 0 to 5.7, and 0 to 11.3 N/m, respectively).6.2 Connecting MeansAvery flexible, thin filament, suchas a wire or fishing line that transmits the force of hangingweights to the circumference of the adapter.6.3 Pulle
10、y, low friction, used to change the direction of theconnecting means from horizontal to vertical.6.4 Appropriate Dead Weights, for example: 2, 4, and 7-lb(0.9, 1.8, and 3.2-kg) for a torque meter with a 7 in. (178 mm)diameter plate or platform and a range of 0 to 25 in-lbs (0 to 2.8N-m).7. Condition
11、ing7.1 Prior to calibration, the torque meter and weights shallbe allowed to come to ambient room conditions.8. Calibration Procedures (see Fig. 1)8.1 Spring-Loaded Type Testers :8.1.1 Verify that the meter needle moves freely throughoutits entire range and rests on zero when not loaded. Adjust ifne
12、cessary.8.1.2 If an adapter is used, fasten it securely and concentri-cally to the tester platform or spindle.8.1.3 Secure the torque meter to a table or work surface.8.1.4 Secure one end of the connecting means to a point onthe circumference of the adapter or rotating platform and wrapit at least h
13、alfway around the circumference.8.1.5 Run the connecting means over a low friction pulleylocated near the edge of a bench or table, and let it hangvertically for the attachment of weights.8.1.6 Sequentially, attach dead weights appropriately to givetorque values equal to14 ,12 , and full-scale meter
14、 readings.Make certain that the weights are hanging freely. Record the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.31 on Child ResistantPackaging and Closure Systems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published Oc
15、tober 2007. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 3474 90 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
16、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.weight, radius and the meter reading at each test point, makingcertain that the needle returns to zero when the weights areremoved.8.1.7 If the dif
17、ference between the measured and indicatedreadings differ from the manufacturers specification (usually64 % of full scale), the user will need to generate a calibrationchart or have the instrument repaired.8.1.8 For torque meters that measure both clockwise andcounterclockwise, repeat 8.1.6, but wit
18、h the platform rotationin the opposite direction.8.2 Automatic Type Testers:8.2.1 Attach a small flexible string at least halfway aroundthe circumference of the platform and over a low frictionpulley so that calibration weights can be attached.8.2.2 Run the calibration program on the computer.8.2.3
19、Hang dead weights from the string and enter thevalues when prompted by the computer program.8.2.4 Repeat 8.2.1 to 8.2.3 for the opposite direction.8.2.5 If the tester has downward force measurement capa-bility, stack weights on the platform and enter their values asprompted by the computer program.8
20、.2.6 The program will automatically recalibrate and indi-cate errors if they occur.9. Torque Measurement9.1 Spring-Loaded Type Testers:9.1.1 Remove the calibration adapter and install the posts inthe movable cross members. It is important that the spacingbetween the posts shall be such that the cont
21、ainer or closure isheld securely but not deformed.9.1.2 Application Torque:9.1.2.1 Position the container or closure in the restraininggrippers of the torque tester or holding jig so that the center ofthe neck is over the center line of the torque tester.NOTE 1It is important that the spacing betwee
22、n the posts be such thatthe container or closure is securely held but not deformed. Containers withoffset necks must be offset.9.1.2.2 Torque the movable component by rotatingsmoothly at a constant rate in a tightening direction to apredetermined level and then releasing the component grippingdevice
23、 immediately upon reaching the predetermined torque.9.1.2.3 Record the torque applied to each of the closures.9.1.3 Removal Torque:9.1.3.1 Removal torque is determined by removing theclosures from the test specimens.9.1.3.2 Position each test specimen in the restraining grip-pers of the torque teste
24、r or holding jig. Remove the closures byincreasing the removal torque gradually and smoothly until themaximum reading is attained.9.1.3.3 Record the maximum torque required to loosen theclosure for each of the test specimens and the elapsed timebetween application and removal torque.NOTE 2If removal
25、 torque is used for quality control purposes, the bestreproducibility and correlation torque is obtained if the specimens aretested within 5 min of the time the closure is applied.9.2 Automatic Type Testing:9.2.1 Run the program, select the desired test, and place thebottles in the machine as direct
26、ed.9.2.2 Results will be automatically displayed and may besaved or printed out as desired.9.3 Stripping Torque:FIG. 1 Torque Meter Calibration Set UpD 3474 90 (2007)29.3.1 Position the bottle in the restraining grippers of thetorque tester or holding jig.9.3.2 Torque the closure by increasing the t
27、orque graduallyand smoothly until stripping occurs.9.3.3 Record the stripping torque level obtained on each ofthe test specimens.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate calibration torque, T, as follows:10.1.1 SI units:T 5 Mgrwhere:T = torque, N-m,M = mass of dead weight, kg,g = acceleration of gravity, 9.8 m
28、/s2, andr = radius of adapter, m.10.1.2 Inchpound units:T 5 Wg/gcXRwhere:T = torque, lbf-in.,W = weight of dead weight, lbm,R = radius of adapter, in.,g = local acceleration of gravity, andgc= standard acceleration of gravity (32.174 ft-lbm/lbf-s2).NOTE 3Except for extreme altitude and large differe
29、nces in latitude,the values of g and gccan be considered to be nominally equal.11. Report11.1 Torque Meters:11.1.1 Report the following information:11.1.2 Date of test.11.1.3 A statement that testing was done in accordance withPractice D 3474.11.2 Application, Removal, or Stripping Torque:11.2.1 Rep
30、ort the following information:11.2.1.1 Identification of containers and closures testedincluding size, style, material(s), and any other pertinentinformation. Bottle finish and closure dimensions should alsobe reported if applicable.11.2.1.2 All readings of application, removal, and strippingtorque,
31、 if applicable.11.2.1.3 Number of specimens tested.11.2.1.4 Date of test.11.2.1.5 Average, range, and standard deviation of valuesfor application removal and stripping torques.11.2.1.6 A statement that testing was performed in accor-dance with Practice D 3474.11.2.1.7 Difference(s) from actual proce
32、dure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionIt is not practicable to specify the precisionin this practice because torque values can only be defined interms of a test method.12.2 BiasThe bias of this practice includes quantitativeestimates of the uncertainties of the dimensional measuringdevices, the c
33、alibration of test equipment and the skill of theoperator. At this time, statements on bias should be limited tothe developmental performance of particular laboratories.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin
34、this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must
35、 be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of ther
36、esponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
37、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 3474 90 (2007)3
