1、Designation: D3474 90 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forCalibration and Use of Torque Meters Used in PackagingApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3474; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the calibration and use of torquemeters of the type normally used in packaging app
3、lications.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations pr
4、ior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5、Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3198 Test Method for Application and Removal Torque ofThreaded or Lug-Style Closures (Withdrawn 2016)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of application torque andremoval torque, see Test Method D3198.3.1.1 stripp
6、ing torquea force or system of forces acting ina tightening direction that causes overrunning of the threads orrotation of an overshell with respect to its supporting member.4. Summary of Practice4.1 CalibrationReference torque values are obtained bymeans of vertically suspended dead weights acting
7、at specificdistances from the axis of the mounting platform of the tester.4.2 UseTorque values to apply or remove closures areobtained by mounting containers on the platform and eitherapplying or removing the closures. In some applications, theclosure is mounted on the platform and the container is
8、rotated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice can be used to check devices used tomeasure the application and removal torques of continuous orintermittent thread and lug closures.5.2 This practice can be used to determine the amount oftorque to either apply or remove a closure.6. Apparatus6.1 Ada
9、pterA circular plate that can be mounted concen-trically on the platform of the tester. If the platform itself issuitable, an adapter is not necessary. The adapter should be ofsuch diameter that its radius multiplied by appropriate weightswill give torque values equal to14,12 , and full-scale meterr
10、eadings. (Typical devices for packaging applications haveranges from: 0 to 10, 0 to 25, 0 to 50, and 0 to 100 lbf-in. (0to 1.13, 0 to 2.8, 0 to 5.7, and 0 to 11.3 N/m, respectively).6.2 Connecting MeansA very flexible, thin filament, suchas a wire or fishing line that transmits the force of hangingw
11、eights to the circumference of the adapter.6.3 Pulley, low friction, used to change the direction of theconnecting means from horizontal to vertical.6.4 Appropriate Dead Weights, for example: 2, 4, and 7-lb(0.9, 1.8, and 3.2-kg) for a torque meter with a 7 in. (178 mm)diameter plate or platform and
12、a range of 0 to 25 in-lbs (0 to 2.8N-m).7. Conditioning7.1 Prior to calibration, the torque meter and weights shallbe allowed to come to ambient room conditions.8. Calibration Procedures (see Fig. 1)8.1 Spring-Loaded Type Testers:8.1.1 Verify that the meter needle moves freely throughoutits entire r
13、ange and rests on zero when not loaded. Adjust ifnecessary.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F02 on PrimaryBarrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.25 on RigidContainer Closure Systems.Current edition approved April 15, 2018. Published June 2018
14、. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D3474 90(2012).DOI: 10.1520/D3474-90R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
15、standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accorda
16、nce with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.18.1.2 If an adapter is used, faste
17、n it securely and concentri-cally to the tester platform or spindle.8.1.3 Secure the torque meter to a table or work surface.8.1.4 Secure one end of the connecting means to a point onthe circumference of the adapter or rotating platform and wrapit at least halfway around the circumference.8.1.5 Run
18、the connecting means over a low friction pulleylocated near the edge of a bench or table, and let it hangvertically for the attachment of weights.8.1.6 Sequentially, attach dead weights appropriately to givetorque values equal to14 ,12, and full-scale meter readings.Make certain that the weights are
19、 hanging freely. Record theweight, radius and the meter reading at each test point, makingcertain that the needle returns to zero when the weights areremoved.8.1.7 If the difference between the measured and indicatedreadings differ from the manufacturers specification (usually64 % of full scale), th
20、e user will need to generate a calibrationchart or have the instrument repaired.8.1.8 For torque meters that measure both clockwise andcounterclockwise, repeat 8.1.6, but with the platform rotationin the opposite direction.8.2 Automatic Type Testers:8.2.1 Attach a small flexible string at least half
21、way aroundthe circumference of the platform and over a low frictionpulley so that calibration weights can be attached.8.2.2 Run the calibration program on the computer.8.2.3 Hang dead weights from the string and enter thevalues when prompted by the computer program.8.2.4 Repeat 8.2.1 to 8.2.3 for th
22、e opposite direction.8.2.5 If the tester has downward force measurementcapability, stack weights on the platform and enter their valuesas prompted by the computer program.8.2.6 The program will automatically recalibrate and indi-cate errors if they occur.9. Torque Measurement9.1 Spring-Loaded Type T
23、esters:9.1.1 Remove the calibration adapter and install the posts inthe movable cross members. It is important that the spacingbetween the posts shall be such that the container or closure isheld securely but not deformed.9.1.2 Application Torque:9.1.2.1 Position the container or closure in the rest
24、raininggrippers of the torque tester or holding jig so that the center ofthe neck is over the center line of the torque tester.NOTE 1It is important that the spacing between the posts be such thatthe container or closure is securely held but not deformed. Containers withoffset necks must be offset.9
25、.1.2.2 Torque the movable component by rotatingsmoothly at a constant rate in a tightening direction to apredetermined level and then releasing the component grippingdevice immediately upon reaching the predetermined torque.9.1.2.3 Record the torque applied to each of the closures.9.1.3 Removal Torq
26、ue:9.1.3.1 Removal torque is determined by removing theclosures from the test specimens.9.1.3.2 Position each test specimen in the restraining grip-pers of the torque tester or holding jig. Remove the closures byFIG. 1 Torque Meter Calibration Set UpD3474 90 (2018)2increasing the removal torque grad
27、ually and smoothly until themaximum reading is attained.9.1.3.3 Record the maximum torque required to loosen theclosure for each of the test specimens and the elapsed timebetween application and removal torque.NOTE 2If removal torque is used for quality control purposes, the bestreproducibility and
28、correlation torque is obtained if the specimens aretested within 5 min of the time the closure is applied.9.2 Automatic Type Testing:9.2.1 Run the program, select the desired test, and place thebottles in the machine as directed.9.2.2 Results will be automatically displayed and may besaved or printe
29、d out as desired.9.3 Stripping Torque:9.3.1 Position the bottle in the restraining grippers of thetorque tester or holding jig.9.3.2 Torque the closure by increasing the torque graduallyand smoothly until stripping occurs.9.3.3 Record the stripping torque level obtained on each ofthe test specimens.
30、10. Calculation10.1 Calculate calibration torque, T, as follows:10.1.1 SI units:T 5 Mgrwhere:T = torque, N-m,M = mass of dead weight, kg,g = acceleration of gravity, 9.8 m/s2, andr = radius of adapter, m.10.1.2 Inchpound units:T 5 Wg/gcXRwhere:T = torque, lbf-in.,W = weight of dead weight, lbm,R = r
31、adius of adapter, in.,g = local acceleration of gravity, andgc= standard acceleration of gravity (32.174 ft-lbm/lbf-s2).NOTE 3Except for extreme altitude and large differences in latitude,the values of g and gccan be considered to be nominally equal.11. Report11.1 Torque Meters:11.1.1 Report the fol
32、lowing information:11.1.2 Date of test.11.1.3 A statement that testing was done in accordance withPractice D3474.11.2 Application, Removal, or Stripping Torque:11.2.1 Report the following information:11.2.1.1 Identification of containers and closures testedincluding size, style, material(s), and any
33、 other pertinentinformation. Bottle finish and closure dimensions should alsobe reported if applicable.11.2.1.2 All readings of application, removal, and strippingtorque, if applicable.11.2.1.3 Number of specimens tested.11.2.1.4 Date of test.11.2.1.5 Average, range, and standard deviation of values
34、for application removal and stripping torques.11.2.1.6 A statement that testing was performed in accor-dance with Practice D3474.11.2.1.7 Difference(s) from actual procedure.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionIt is not practicable to specify the precisionin this practice because torque values can o
35、nly be defined interms of a test method.12.2 BiasThe bias of this practice includes quantitativeestimates of the uncertainties of the dimensional measuringdevices, the calibration of test equipment and the skill of theoperator. At this time, statements on bias should be limited tothe developmental p
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39、e your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained b
40、y contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 90 (2018)3
