1、Designation: D3511/D3511M 16Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3511/D3511M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. S
3、cope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pro-pensity of a fabric to form pills and other related surfacechanges on textiles using the brush pilling tester. This proce-dure is generally intended to be used for upholstery,automotive, luggage and heavy duty uniform fabrics because itis
4、highly abrasive. This does not, however, preclude it frombeing used for other types of fabrics. If unsure, comparisontesting should be performed to ensure that this test methodreplicates pilling on the final product.NOTE 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,refer to Test Me
5、thods D3512/D3512M, D3514/D3514M, and D4970/D4970M.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from
6、 the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
7、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-tilesD3512/D3512M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Ran-dom Tu
8、mble Pilling TesterD3514/D3514M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elas-tomeric PadD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4970/D4970M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Mar
9、-tindale Tester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, see Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz,pilling resistance, pills.
10、3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such asfuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on labora-tory testing machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wearconditions: first br
11、ushing the specimens to free fiber ends thatform fuzz on the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of thespecimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends intopills. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing thetested specimens with visual standards, which may be actualfabr
12、ics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pillingresistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported usingan arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.1This test
13、 method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D3511 15. DOI:
14、10.1520/D3511_D3511M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International He
15、adquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser and t
16、he supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more
17、),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material fromwhich the disparate test results were obtained, and ra
18、ndomlyassigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Othermaterials with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the two laboratories should becompared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series.
19、If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results for that material must be adjusted in considerationof the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fi
20、ber dimensions, yarn and fabricconstruction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishingmethod. Testing before refurbishing may be advisable. Thepilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies morewith general conditions of use and individual wearers than inreplicate fabric specimens
21、subjected to controlled laboratorytests. This experience should be borne in mind when adoptinglevels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pill
22、ing is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the character-istics of the pills and the othe
23、r factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of thefabric type being te
24、sted, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting the pills and weighing their number with respect totheir si
25、ze and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.4 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs
26、of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.5 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of v
27、ariations in fiber, yarn eight per tester.6.1.2.2 Brush Strip HeightA height of 24 mm .94 in.with an overall height of 32 mm 1.25 in., including thebacking but not the 9C-7200 holders.6.1.2.3 Brush Bristles Black nylon, 0.25-mm 10-mildiameter.6.1.2.4 Brush Holders Fuller Brush No. 9C-7200,52-stripch
28、annel, 790 mm 31 in. long.6.1.2.5 Brush Mounting 9C-7200 holders spaced 35 mm1.37 in. center hole to center hole.6.1.2.6 Emery Paper 320 Grit for sanding brushes.6.1.2.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate sol-vent to clean brushes (see 7.1 and 10.1.2).6.1.3 Specimen Holder, (Fig. 2), six
29、, each weighing 660 65 g, on which the fabric specimens are mounted. The face ofthe holders shall be covered with 3-mm 0.13 in thick by108-mm 4.25-in. diameter soft cellular rubber to preventspecimen slippage during testing.4Apparatus is commercially available.5Apparatus is commercially available.FI
30、G. 1 Brush Pilling TesterD3511/D3511M 162FIG. 2 Specimen HolderNOTE 1Not drawn to scale.FIG. 3 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationD3511/D3511M 1636.2 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation4(Fig. 3)Facilitiesfor illumination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneousviewing of test specimen and fabric or ph
31、otographic ratingstandards. Apparatus and options for visual evaluation arelisted in Table 1.6.3 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating, for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabric is available. Each testfacility must decide on an
32、appropriate fabric.6.4 Rating Standards:6.4.1 FabricAseries of tested specimens of a specific typein-house fabric, which shows degrees of pilling or otherdistortions, or both, for each type of fabric to be tested. Storethe in-house fabric rating standards and handle them underconditions that will pr
33、eserve their original form and appear-ance.6.4.2 Photographic A set of 5 photographs, 105 mmsquare 4.13 in., numbered 1 to 5, illustrating varying degreesof pilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling”, such asAdjunct ADJD3512.6.4.3 Digital Imaging or Rating System, or both.6.5 Facilities for
34、Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.6 Facilities for Drycleaning SamplesIf needed.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation on use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Prima
35、ry Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilityamong rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabri
36、c and among specimens from a swatchof fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or between cartons of garments andamong garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom
37、 each primary sam-pling unit take one fullwidth piece of fabric that is1m1ydin length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom each car
38、ton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Samples may be washed or dry cleaned before cuttingthe test specimens, using conditions appropriate for the fabricend use or conditions agreed upon by all interested parties.9.2 Cut specimens in squares 320 6 1mm96 0.05 in.wit
39、h the sides parallel to the warp (wale) and filling (course)directions or circles having a diameter of 175 6 2mm76 0.1in.9.2.1 Take six specimens, two each from the right, center,and left areas of each laboratory sampling unit. Take thespecimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample
40、 or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such a manner that no specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdistortions. Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc. on the speci-men when handling. Unless otherwise specified, do not cutspecimens
41、nearer the selvage than one tenth the width of thefabric.9.3 Mark warp (wale) and filling (course) direction on theedge of each specimen.9.3.1 Mark the replicate specimens as AL, BL; AC, BC; andAR, BR with L, C, and R indicating left, center, and right areasof the fabric width.10. Preparation of App
42、aratus10.1 Maintenance Checks:10.1.1 Check the operation of the pilling tester with one ormore standard in-house fabrics of known pilling resistance asdirected as follows:10.1.1.1 If the tester is in daily use, check the tester usingthe standard fabric(s) at least once a week.10.1.1.2 If testing is
43、done infrequently, check the testerusing the standard fabric(s) each time it is used.10.1.2 If the tester is used daily, clean the brushes with asuitable solvent such as acetone (see 6.1), remove any lint witha hand card, and clip any protruding bristles at least once aweek. If testing is done infre
44、quently, check for these conditionsbefore each testing session.10.2 Corrective Action:10.2.1 If the results obtained on the standard fabric are notin agreement with the established values, clean the brushes asdirected in 10.1.2.10.2.2 If cleaning fails to produce results which equate theestablished
45、values, sand the brushes with emery paper mountedon the specimen holders.10.2.3 Continue testing until results are acceptable, or untila replacement set of in-house standards is established.11. Conditioning11.1 Bring the test specimens to moisture equilibrium fortesting in the standard atmosphere fo
46、r testing textiles asdirected in Practice D1776/D1776M or, if applicable, in thespecified atmosphere in which the testing is to be performed.TABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 3)A0.78 rad 45LightboxB0.78 rad 45LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs
47、 determined by the buyer and supplierAThe sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Standard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA18018-5208. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Head
48、quarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, whichyou may attend.BAvailable commercially.D3511/D3511M 16412. Procedure12.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles.12.2 Place the brush board on the 19.0-mm 0.75-in
49、. radiusrotating platform with the bristles pointing upwards.12.3 Mount the six specimens on the six holders, fabric faceexposed and under sufficient tension to prevent wrinkling.Place the specimen holders over the vertical positioning pins sothat the fabric face makes contact with the brush bristles.12.4 Brush the specimens 4 min 6 10 s.NOTE 3The test time intervals used should reproduce the appearanceof actual wear as seen in garments made from the specific type of fabricunder test. The test time intervals for brushing and p
