1、Designation: D 3511 07Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3511; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pro-pensity of a fabric to form pills fr
3、om fuzz under test conditionsintended to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester.This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparelfabrics including both woven and knitted fabrics.NOTE 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,refer to Test Methods D 3512
4、, D 3514, and D 4970.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The valuesstated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently
5、of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the specification.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and he
6、alth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of
7、 Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: MartindaleTester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJD3512 Se
8、t of 5 Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fuzz, nuntangled fiber ends that protrude from thesurface of a yarn or fabric.3.1.2 pilling resistance, nresistance to the formation ofpills on the surface of a textile fabric.3.1.3 pills, nbunches or ball
9、s of tangled fibers which areheld to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.3.1.4 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such asfuzzing, which occur in normal wear
10、 are simulated on labora-tory testing machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wearconditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends thatform fuzz on the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of thespecimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends intopills. The degree of
11、fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing thetested specimens with visual standards, which may be actualfabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pillingresistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported usingan arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingT
12、his method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of on
13、e or more specific materials by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if
14、 there is1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20
15、05 as D 3511 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr H
16、arbor Drive, West Consho-hocken, PA 19428. Request ADJD3512.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.a statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare
17、 as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material fromwhich the disparate test results were obtained, and randomlyassigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Othermaterials with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be
18、compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results for that material must be adjusted in considerationof the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabric
19、s is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construc-tion, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method.Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pillingresistance of a specific fabric
20、in actual wear varies more withgeneral conditions of use and individual wearers than inreplicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratorytests. This experience should be borne in mind when adoptinglevels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and a
21、ppearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since t
22、he overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the character-istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number
23、 of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabr
24、ics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting the pills and weighing their number with respect totheir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.4 The degree of fabric pilli
25、ng is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.5 This test
26、method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn eight per tester.6.1.2.2 Brush Strip HeightA height of 24 mm (.94 in.)with an overall height of 32 mm (1.25 in.), including thebacking but not the 9C-7200 holder
27、s.6.1.2.3 Brush Bristles Black nylon, 0.25-mm (10-mil)diameter.6.1.2.4 Brush Holders Fuller Brush No. 9C-7200,52-stripchannel, 790 mm (31 in.) long.6.1.2.5 Brush Mounting 9C-7200 holders spaced 35 mm(1.37 in.) center hole to center hole.6.1.2.6 Emery Paper 320 Grit for sanding brushes.6.1.2.7 Cleani
28、ng Solvent, acetone or other appropriate sol-vent to clean brushes (see 7.1 and 10.1.2).6.1.3 Specimen Holder,(Fig. 2), six, each weighing 660 65 g, on which the fabric specimens are mounted. The face of4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Standard Scient
29、ific LLC, Bethlehem, PA. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee, which you may attend.5Apparatus is commercially available.FIG.
30、1 Brush Pilling TesterD3511072the holders shall be covered with 3-mm (0.13 in) thick by108-mm (4.25-in.) diameter soft cellular rubber to preventspecimen slippage during testing.6.2 Apparatus for Fabric Evaluation4(Fig. 3) Facilitiesfor illumination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneousview
31、ing of test specimen and fabric or photographic ratingstandards. Apparatus and options for visual evaluation arelisted in Table 1.6.3 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating, for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabric is available.
32、 Each testfacility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.4 Rating Standards:6.4.1 FabricA series of tested specimens of a specifictype in-house fabric, which shows degrees of pilling or otherdistortions, or both, for each type of fabric to be tested. Storethe in-house fabric rating standards and ha
33、ndle them underconditions that will preserve their original form and appear-ance.6.4.2 Photographic A set of five photographs, 105 mmsquare (4.13 in.), numbered 1 to 5, illustrating varying degressof pilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling”, such asAdjunctADJD3512. The photos should have a
34、 dull matte finishand be of the same size as the tested specimen.6.4.3 Digital imaging and/or rating system.6.5 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.6 Facilities for Drycleaning SamplesIf needed.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufac
35、turers material safety data sheets forinformation on use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agr
36、eement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilityamong rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatchof fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or between cartons of garments andamong garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with a
37、meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one fullwidth piece of fabric that is1m(1yd)in length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m (1 yd) length. For f
38、abric components offabricated systems use the entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Samples may be washed or dry cleaned before cuttingthe test specimens, using conditions appropr
39、iate for the fabricend use or conditions agreed upon by all interested parties.9.2 Cut specimens in squares 320 6 1mm(96 0.05 in.)with the sides parallel to the warp (wale) and filling (course)directions or circles having a diameter of 175 6 2mm(76 0.1in.)9.2.1 Take six specimens, two each from the
40、right, center,and left areas of each laboratory sampling unit. Take thespecimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such a manner that no specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and ot
41、herdistortions. Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc. on the speci-men when handling. Unless otherwise specified, do not cutspecimens nearer the selvage than one tenth the width of thefabric.9.3 Mark warp (wale) and filling (course) direction on theedge of each specimen.9.3.1 Mark the replicate spe
42、cimens as AL, BL; AC, BC; andAR, BR with L, C, and R indicating left, center, and right areasof the fabric width.FIG. 2 Specimen HolderD351107310. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Maintenance Checks:10.1.1 Check the operation of the pilling tester with one ormore standard in-house fabrics of known pilli
43、ng resistance asdirected as follows:10.1.1.1 If the tester is in daily use, check the tester usingthe standard fabric(s) at least once a week.10.1.1.2 If testing is done infrequently, check the testerusing the standard fabric(s) each time it is used.10.1.2 If the tester is used daily, clean the brus
44、hes with asuitable solvent such as acetone (see 6.1), remove any lint witha hand card, and clip any protruding bristles at least once aweek. If testing is done infrequently, check for these conditionsbefore each testing session.10.2 Corrective Action:10.2.1 If the results obtained on the standard fa
45、bric are notin agreement with the established values, clean the brushes asdirected in 10.1.2.10.2.2 If cleaning fails to produce results which equate theestablished values, sand the brushes with emery paper mountedon the specimen holders.10.2.3 Continue testing until results are acceptable, or until
46、a replacement set of in-house standards is established.11. Conditioning11.1 Bring the test specimens to moisture equilibrium fortesting in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles asdirected in Practice D 1776 or, if applicable, in the specifiedatmosphere in which the testing is to be performed.
47、NOTE 1Not drawn to scale.FIG. 3 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationTABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 3)A0.78 rad (45)LightboxB0.78 rad (45)LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatu
48、s known to the committee at this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible tech
49、nical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D351107412. Procedure12.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles.12.2 Place the brush board on the 19.0-mm (0.75-in.) radiusrotating platform with the bristles pointing upwards.12.3 Mount the six specimens on the six holders, fabric faceexposed and under sufficient tension to prevent wrinkling.Place the specimen holders over the vertical positioning pins sothat the fabric face makes contact with the brush bristles.12.4 Brush the specimens 4 min 6 10 s.NOTE 3The test time
