1、Designation: D 3514 05Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to the formation of pills and oth
3、er surface distortionssuch as fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the StollQuartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attach-ment. The procedure is generally applicable to all types ofwoven and knitted fabrics.NOTE 1For other current test methods of testing the pilling resista
4、nceof textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 4970.1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned beforetesting.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with it
5、suse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resi
6、stance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush PillingTesterD 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics
7、 (MartindalePressure Tester Method)2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards forElastomeric Pad Pilling Test33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fuzz, nuntangled fiber ends that protrude from thesurface of a yarn or fabric.3.1.2 pilling resistance, nresistance to the forma
8、tion ofpills on the surface of a textile fabric.3.1.3 pills, nbunches or balls of tangled fibers which areheld to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.3.1.4 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and ot
9、her changes in surface appearance thatoccur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testingmachine. Fabric samples are washed or drycleaned, dependingon expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbingagainst an elastomeric pad having specifically selected me-chanical properties. The degr
10、ee of fabric pilling is evaluated bycomparison of the tested specimens with visual standards thatmay be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing arange of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling isreported using an arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance
11、 TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipm
12、ent of one or more specific materials by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the supplier when usingTest Method D 3514 for acceptance testing,
13、the statistical bias,if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005. Published October 2
14、005. Originallyapproved in 1976. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated as D 3514 99.Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 3514 022For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr HarborDr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
16、.laboratory of the supplier should be determined based ontesting specimens randomly drawn from one sample of mate-rial of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assis-tance is recommended for the investigation of bias.Aminimumof two parties should take a group of test specimens which areas
17、homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot ofmaterial of the type in question. The test specimens should thenbe randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average test results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol andpro
18、bability level chosen by the two parties before the testingbegins. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing datamust be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpre
19、t futuretest results with consideration for the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construc-tion, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resis
20、tance of aspecific fabric in actual wear varies more with general condi-tions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabricspecimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This expe-rience should be borne in mind when adopting levels ofacceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Finish
21、es and fabric surface changes may exert a largeeffect on pilling. It is recommended that fabrics be tested afterlaundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishingmay also be advisable. Prior agreement between interestedparties should determine the state of test.5.4 Pills vary appreciabl
22、y in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development o
23、f fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the character-istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solel
24、y on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance
25、 with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting the pills and weighting their number with respect totheir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.5 The degree
26、 of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling
27、).5.6 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish. The applicability of the test method to non-wovenfabrics has not been determined.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 S
28、toll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester,4with frost-ing attachment.6.2 Elastomeric Friction Pad,5mounted on the bottom sideof the tester pressure plate. This is a pad made especially forthis test. It is attached to the pressure plate by means of sideclamps, and secured at the front by a strip of ta
29、pe.6.2.1 Elastomeric Base Pad,5attached to the specimenholder of the frosting attachment. This pad is made especiallyfor this test.6.3 Twill Fabric, 65/35 polyester/cotton, approximately166.5 g/m2(5.0 oz/yd2) with moderately coarse weave, forpreparation of friction pad.6.4 Emery Paper, 150-grit, for
30、 preparation of the base pad.6.5 Rubber Ring,450 6 1mm(26 0.1 in.) inside diameterand 61 6 1 mm (2.44 6 0.1 in.) outside diameter, to secure thespecimen to the holder.6.6 Test Tube Brush, small, to remove loose fibers fromspecimens after testing.6.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate sol
31、ventto clean the elastomeric pad (see 7.1).6.8 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.9 Facilities for Drycleaning SamplesIf needed.6.10 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having anestablished pilling resistance rating for checking machineperformance. No universal standard fabric is availa
32、ble. Eachtest facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.11 Overhead Lighting for Test Specimen EvaluationTwo 2.4 m (8 ft) Type F-96 cool-white preheat rapid-startfluorescent lamps with white enamel reflectors, and withoutbaffles or glass (see Fig. 1).6.12 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilit
33、ies for illu-mination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous view-ing of test specimen and fabric or photograph rating standards.Apparatus and option for visual evaluation are listed in Table 1.6.13 Ratings Standards:6.13.1 FabricA series of tested specimens of a specificfabric type which sh
34、ows degree of pilling or other distortion, orboth, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store the fabric ratingstandards and handle them under conditions that will preservetheir original form and appearance. Mounting with thickcardboard framing around the specimens is recommended.6.13.2 Photographi
35、c Three sets of five photographicstandards 80 mm (3.13 in.) corresponding to the size of pillsproduced (that is, small, medium, and large) and numbered 1 to5 illustrating varying degrees of pilling from “very severepilling” to “no pilling.”6.13.3 Digital imaging and/or rating system.4Available fromA
36、tlas Electric Devices Co., 4114 RavenswoodAve., Chicago, IL60613.5Available from Milliken Research Corp., P.O. Box 1927, Dept. M-415Spartanburg, SC 29304.D35140527. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinf
37、ormation on use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between pur-chaser and supplier re
38、quires taking into account the variability amongrolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatch offabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or among cartons of garments andbetween garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acce
39、ptable quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is1m(1yd)in length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m (1 yd) length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the
40、entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples should be washedor dry cleaned before cutting the test specimens, using condi-tions appropriate for the f
41、abric end use or conditions agreedupon by all interested parties.9.2 Cut test specimens squares, 125 3 1256 2.5 mm (5 35 6 0.1 in.) with the sides parallel to the warp (wale) and filling(course) directions, or circles, 100 6 2mm(46 0.1 in.) indiameter.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationTABLE 1 Vi
42、ewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 1)A0.78 rad (45)LightboxB0.78 rad (45)LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatuse known to the committee at this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co.,
43、601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D35140539.
44、2.1 Take three specimens from each laboratory unit. Takethe specimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample, or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such a manner that no two specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdis
45、tortions. Unless otherwise specified, do not take specimensnearer the selvage than one tenth the width of the fabric.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Level the specimen holder base pad properly to posi-tion the fabric specimen flat against the friction pad during thetest. Do this by rubbing the base
46、 pad against a piece of 150-gritemery paper mounted snugly on the bottom side of the pressureplate.10.1.1 Once the base pad is properly prepared, it will last foran indefinite time. Do not remove the base pad thereafter fromthe specimen holder because this will disturb the alignment.Retain an additi
47、onal specimen holder for use with other tests onthe Stoll tester.10.2 Preparation of Friction PadsBefore a new frictionpad is used for testing, prepare it by attaching it to the pressureplate and rubbing it under a5N(1lbf) force against a mountedpolyester/cotton twill fabric (see 6.3). Continue this
48、 until thesurface shine in the rubbing area is completely and uniformlyremoved.10.2.1 Use the pad in the same position thereafter to alwayspresent a uniformly smooth surface to subsequently testedspecimens. Accomplish this by applying appropriate alignmentmarks to the pad and pressure plate. Always
49、use the frictionpad with the same base pad with which it was prepared.10.3 Monitoring Repeatability of InstrumentPerformancePeriodically run a standard in-house test fabricof known pilling rating to check the reproducibility of theresult being obtained with a given pad.NOTE 3If the bushing in the rotating base is worn, vibration mayproduce erratic test results.10.3.1 In the event that finishing agents have impregnated apad, it may be possible to remove them by rubbing withsuitable solvent (see 6.7), then any household detergent/watersolution, rinsing with cle
