1、Designation: D 3514 09Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to the formation of pills and othe
3、r surface distortionssuch as fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the StollQuartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attach-ment. The procedure is generally applicable to all types ofwoven and knitted fabrics.NOTE 1For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistan
4、ceof textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 4970.1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned beforetesting.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
5、use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resis
6、tance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush PillingTesterD 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD 4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD 4850 Termino
7、logy Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: MartindaleTester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards forElastomeric Pad Pilling Test33. Terminology3.1 For all terminology r
8、elating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D 4848.3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz,pilling resistance, pills.3.3 For all other
9、terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance thatoccur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testingmachine. Fabric samples are washed or drycleaned, dependingon expected refurbishment, followed by cont
10、rolled rubbingagainst an elastomeric pad having specifically selected me-chanical properties. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated bycomparison of the tested specimens with visual standards thatmay be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing arange of pilling resistance. The observed
11、resistance to pilling isreported using an arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory
12、data are not available. In somecases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、 D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1976. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated as D 3514 99.Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 3514
14、 052For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adj
15、unct No.ADJD3514.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.1 If there is a disagreement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the supplier when usingTest Method D 3514 for acceptance testing, the s
16、tatistical bias,if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and thelaboratory of the supplier should be determined based ontesting specimens randomly drawn from one sample of mate-rial of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assis-tance is recommended for the investigation of bias.Ami
17、nimumof two parties should take a group of test specimens which areas homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot ofmaterial of the type in question. The test specimens should thenbe randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average test results from the two laborato
18、riesshould be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol andprobability level chosen by the two parties before the testingbegins. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing datamust be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found
19、and corrected, orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futuretest results with consideration for the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fa
20、bric construc-tion, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of aspecific fabric in actual wear varies more with general condi-tions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabricspecimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This expe-rience should be borne in mind when
21、adopting levels ofacceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a largeeffect on pilling. It is recommended that fabrics be tested afterlaundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishingmay also be advisable. Prior agreement between interest
22、edparties should determine the state of test.5.4 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surf
23、ace phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the character-istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evalua
24、ted subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantage
25、ouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting the pills and weighting their number with respect totheir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the exces
26、sive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.5 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon a
27、n arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.6 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish. The applicability of the test method to no
28、n-wovenfabrics has not been determined.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester,4with frost-ing attachment.6.2 Elastomeric Friction Pad,4mounted on the bottom sideof the tester pressure plate. This is a pad made especially forthis test. It is attached to the pressure p
29、late by means of sideclamps, and secured at the front by a strip of tape.6.2.1 Elastomeric Base Pad,4attached to the specimenholder of the frosting attachment. This pad is made especiallyfor this test.6.3 Twill Fabric, 65/35 polyester/cotton, approximately166.5 g/m2(5.0 oz/yd2) with moderately coars
30、e weave, forpreparation of friction pad.6.4 Emery Paper, 150-grit, for preparation of the base pad.6.5 Rubber Ring,450 6 1mm(26 0.1 in.) inside diameterand 61 6 1 mm (2.44 6 0.1 in.) outside diameter, to secure thespecimen to the holder.6.6 Test Tube Brush, small, to remove loose fibers fromspecimen
31、s after testing.6.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate solventto clean the elastomeric pad (see 7.1).6.8 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.9 Facilities for Drycleaning SamplesIf needed.6.10 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having anestablished pilling resistance rating f
32、or checking machineperformance. No universal standard fabric is available. Eachtest facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.11 Overhead Lighting for Test Specimen EvaluationTwo 2.4 m (8 ft) Type F-96 cool-white preheat rapid-startfluorescent lamps with white enamel reflectors, and withoutbaf
33、fles or glass (see Fig. 1).6.12 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilities for illu-mination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous view-ing of test specimen and fabric or photograph rating standards.Apparatus and option for visual evaluation are listed in Table 1.6.13 Ratings Standards:6.13.
34、1 FabricA series of tested specimens of a specificfabric type which shows degree of pilling or other distortion, orboth, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store the fabric ratingstandards and handle them under conditions that will preservetheir original form and appearance. Mounting with thickca
35、rdboard framing around the specimens is recommended.6.13.2 Photographic Three sets of five photographicstandards 80 mm (3.13 in.) corresponding to the size of pillsproduced (that is, small, medium, and large) and numbered 1 to4For additional information on obtaining apparatus, equipment, or supplies
36、 thatmay be suitable for use in this standard, please visit the ASTM ManufacturersEquipment Directory at www.astm.org.D35140925 illustrating varying degrees of pilling from “very severepilling” to “no pilling.”6.13.3 Digital imaging and/or rating system.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in thi
37、s test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation on use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as appl
38、icable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between pur-chaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability amongrolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatch offabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or among cartons of garments andbetween garments withi
39、n a carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is1m(1yd)in length along the selvage (machine direction),
40、after firstremoving a 1 m (1 yd) length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples should be was
41、hedor dry cleaned before cutting the test specimens, using condi-tions appropriate for the fabric end use or conditions agreedupon by all interested parties.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationTABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 1)A0.78 rad (45)Li
42、ghtboxB0.78 rad (45)LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatuse known to the committee at this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please
43、 provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D35140939.2 Cut test specimens squares, 125 3 1256 2.5 mm (5 35 6 0.1 in.) with the sides parallel to the
44、 warp (wale) and filling(course) directions, or circles, 100 6 2mm(46 0.1 in.) indiameter.9.2.1 Take three specimens from each laboratory unit. Takethe specimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample, or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such
45、a manner that no two specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdistortions. Unless otherwise specified, do not take specimensnearer the selvage than one tenth the width of the fabric.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Level the specimen holder base pad properly to posi-tion t
46、he fabric specimen flat against the friction pad during thetest. Do this by rubbing the base pad against a piece of 150-gritemery paper mounted snugly on the bottom side of the pressureplate.10.1.1 Once the base pad is properly prepared, it will last foran indefinite time. Do not remove the base pad
47、 thereafter fromthe specimen holder because this will disturb the alignment.Retain an additional specimen holder for use with other tests onthe Stoll tester.10.2 Preparation of Friction PadsBefore a new frictionpad is used for testing, prepare it by attaching it to the pressureplate and rubbing it u
48、nder a5N(1lbf) force against a mountedpolyester/cotton twill fabric (see 6.3). Continue this until thesurface shine in the rubbing area is completely and uniformlyremoved.10.2.1 Use the pad in the same position thereafter to alwayspresent a uniformly smooth surface to subsequently testedspecimens. A
49、ccomplish this by applying appropriate alignmentmarks to the pad and pressure plate. Always use the frictionpad with the same base pad with which it was prepared.10.3 Monitoring Repeatability of InstrumentPerformancePeriodically run a standard in-house test fabricof known pilling rating to check the reproducibility of theresult being obtained with a given pad.NOTE 3If the bushing in the rotating base is worn, vibration mayproduce erratic test results.10.3.1 In the event that finishing agents have impregnated apad, it may be possible to remove them by rubbing w
