1、Designation: D 3527 071An American National StandardStandard Test Method forLife Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEAdded Note 5 editorially in January 2009.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure forevalu
3、ating the high-temperature life performance of wheelbearing greases when tested under prescribed conditions.NOTE 1Changes to this test method in the 1985 revision increased testseverity. Results will not be comparable with data from earlier procedures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be rega
4、rded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 ExceptionApparatus dimensions in inches are to beregarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
5、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 8.1-8.4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AFBMA Standard:AFBMA Standard 19, 1974 (ANSI B. 3.19-1975)23. Terminology3.1 Definition
6、s:3.1.1 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.2 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and im
7、mobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.3 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1
8、.3.1 DiscussionThe solid thickener can be fibers (suchas various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, onlyvery slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalrequirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,u
9、niformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, na lubricatinggrease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheelbearings at relatively high
10、grease temperatures and bearingspeeds.3.2.2 grease life, nof wheel bearing grease, amount oftime operated under prescribed conditions of load, speed, andtemperature until preset torque limit is exceeded.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe off-time, which is part of the 20 hand 4 h off-cycle, is not recorded and i
11、s not included as part ofgrease life.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test grease is distributed in the bearings of amodified, automobile front wheel hub-spindle-bearings assem-bly. While the bearings are thrust-loaded to 111 N, the hub isrotated at 1000 rpm and the spindle temperature maintained at
12、160C for 20 h,4hoffoperating cycle. The test is terminatedwhen grease deterioration causes the drive motor torque toexceed a calculated motor cut off value. Grease life is ex-pressed as the accumulated on-cycle hours.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearinggreas
13、es having distinctly different high-temperature character-istics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests, nor is it1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.G0.05 on Functional
14、 Tests - Temperature.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 352702.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International,
15、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.intended to distinguish between the products having similarhigh-temperature performance properties.5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screeninggreases with respect to life performance for automotive wh
16、eelbearing applications.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Assembly3(see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).6.1.1 Custom-made Wheel Hub-Spindle-Bearing Assembly(Fig. 3).6.1.2 Oven, electrically heated by 1800 watt heater, thermo-statically controlled to maintain spindle temperature at 160 61.5C.6.1.3 Spindle Drive Motor,14 hp, 1
17、20 volts dc with 1725rpm speed control the hub; motor torque is indicated by a meterequipped with an adjustable, automatic cut-off.6.1.4 Fan Drive Motor,130 hp, 120 v dc, 1550 rpm.6.2 Motor speed, oven temperature, spindle temperature,time cycles and torque are controlled or monitored, or both, byac
18、cessory equipment.6.3 Balance having a minimum capacity of 100 g andminimum sensitivity of 0.1 g.7. Test Bearings7.1 Use LM67048-LM67010 and LM11949-LM11910(AFBMA Standard 19) inboard and outboard bearings,4re-spectively.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 n-Heptanereagent grade minimum purity(WarningFlamm
19、able. Harmful if inhaled.)8.2 Isopropyl Alcoholreagent grade minimum purity(WarningFlammable.)8.3 Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone ECS)5(WarningCombustible. Vapors can be harmful.)8.4 Mineral Spirits, Reagent Grade( WarningCombustible. Vapors may be harmful.)8.5 SAE 10W Engine Oil.8.6 00 Grad
20、e Steel Wool.9. Preparation of Bearings9.1 Carefully remove new bearings (cups and cones) fromtheir packages and place in a suitable clean container. Washwith n-Heptane to remove all rust preventative.9.2 Repeat washing with n-Heptane two additional times tobe certain all rust preventative has been
21、removed. Use a cleanbeaker each time.9.3 Drain n-Heptane from the bearings and set them on aclean, lint-free cloth or towel to air dry.NOTE 2Cleaning may be facilitated by the use of a sonic cleaner.10. Procedure10.1 Prior to each test, check the freedom of movement ofthe thrust loading shaft (Fig.
22、3) in the spindle. If binding isnoted, remove and clean both shaft and spindle bore.10.2 Install the new cups in the cleaned hub in the locationshown in Figs. 1 and 2.10.3 Weigh an inboard and outboard bearing cone to thenearest 0.1 g. Fill the cones with test grease using an extra setof cups and th
23、e grease packer shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Use careto avoid moving the rollers or bearing components whileremoving the cones from the cups and in all subsequent wiping3The sole source of supply of the test assembly known to the committee at thistime is Koehler Instrument Co., Inc., 1595 Sycamore Ave.,
24、Bohemia, Long Island,NY 11716. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-eration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.4Timken or Bower bearings are suita
25、ble.5The sole source of supply of Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone ECS)known to the committee at this time is Penetone Corp., 74 Hudson Ave., Tenafly, NJ07670. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will rece
26、ive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.NOTECaution should be taken when modifying older units since some may still contain asbestos insulation leading to a possible inhalation hazard.FIG. 1 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Elevation View)D
27、35270712and handling steps. Strike off excess grease flush with the frontface of the cone (near small end of rollers) using a smallspatula. Wipe all grease from cone bore, cone back face,exterior cage surfaces, and exposed roller surfaces with a clean,lint-free cloth or towel and reweigh. Adjust the
28、 grease weightin the inboard cone to 3.0 6 0.1 g and in the outboard cone to2.0 6 0.1 g by wiping or adding grease to the groove betweenthe cage and the cone back face. Apply a thin film of grease onthe cups.10.4 Install the leakage collector, inboard cone, hub, andoutboard cone on the spindle (Fig.
29、 2). Lock the components inplace with the end cap and screw. Install the spindle connector.10.5 Referring to Fig. 3, adjust the thrust load as follows:tighten the compression nut G until the spring F is seatedagainst the back plate E, but not compressed. Bring the lock nutH up to the compression nut
30、 G. Without moving H, compressF by tightening G until the compression gage J will fit betweenH and G. Hold J in position and back off G until J is held firmlybetween H and G.NOTE 3Compression gage J has been machined such that insertionand adjustment of G causes spring F to compress and apply a 111-
31、N(25-lbf) axial load on the wheel bearings.10.6 Insert the thermocouple in the spindle thrust rod andposition the junction at the center of the outboard bearingposition. Close the cabinet and position the motor to operatinglocation. (WarningDo not engage the drive at this point.FIG. 2 Wheel Bearing
32、Lubricant Tester (Top View)FIG. 3 Spindle and Thrust Rod ComponentsD35270713Start the motor and adjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. At thispoint observe and record the unloaded motor current N.)10.7 Turn off the motor, engage the drive coupling and lockin position. Set the timer to begin a 20-h cycle
33、. Restart themotor and again adjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. Turn onthe heaters and adjust the oven temperature to maintain thespindle temperature at 160 6 1.5C (320 6 2.7F). When thespindle temperature has stabilized at the test temperature, makeno further adjustment of the oven temperature for
34、the durationof the test.10.8 Asteady-state running torque will develop in the first 2h of operation as indicated by a stabilized value on the meter.Record this value as steady-state current T. Determine themotor cutoff value as follows:C 5 8T 2 N! 1 N (1)where:C = motor cut-off value, amps,T = stead
35、y-state current, amps, andN = unloaded motor current, amps.Set the automatic torque cutoff of motor to value of C.10.9 Permit the apparatus to operate under the prescribedconditions of load, speed, and temperature until the presettorque limit is exceeded at which point the test will beterminated aut
36、omatically. Record the time the unit shuts down.NOTE 4The motor is protected by a 30-s time delay.NOTE 5The 30-s delay described in Note 4 has been interpreted bysome users as a set requirement of the test method, when it was originallyintended only for information purposes about the protection of t
37、he electricmotor from prolonged exposure to high current (torque) levels. Workconducted by the D02.G0.05 Task Force indicates that test precision maybe improved by increasing this delay time to 90 s without significantlyaffecting test severity or increasing the risk of motor burn-out. However,the ef
38、fect of this change has not been evaluated according to ASTMrequirements for development of test precision. Additionally, the TaskForce found that the cyclic nature of running torque means that the cut-offtorque value (and test severity) may be dependent on the sampling timeused to establish this pa
39、rameter and taking the average value of severalreadings may be useful.10.10 Allow the tester to cool to a safe handling temperatureand disassemble. If the tester is disassembled hot, use insulatedgloves.11. Parts Cleanup11.1 With a suitable spatula, remove as much grease aspossible from the grease c
40、ollector, end cap, and spindleconnector.11.2 Place the parts in a suitable clean container (preferablystainless steel) and cover with Penmul L460 (WarningSee8.3). Install a loosely fitting cover and heat gently (70 6 10C)until the parts are clean (several hours). Avoid prolonged(overnight) heating a
41、s parts corrosion can occur.11.3 Remove the parts from the solvent and wash with hotrunning water. Rinse immediately with isopropyl alcohol (WarningSee 8.2). Air dry. If the parts will not be usedimmediately, apply a film of SAE 10W engine oil.11.4 Use a suitable spatula to scrape grease off of thes
42、pindle. Remove the remaining deposits from the spindle using00 grade steel wool and mineral spirits (WarningSee 8.4). Ifstrongly adherent deposits resist this treatment, remove thespindle and clean in hot Penmul L460.12. Report12.1 Report the hours to failure.FIG. 4 Bearing PackerFIG. 5 Bearing Pack
43、erD3527071413. Precision and Bias613.1 The precision of this test method was determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results. ResearchReport D02-10077procedures were followed in the round-robin testing and statistical analysis of data. In 1988 a moreprecise description of the bearing
44、 packing procedure wasincluded in 10.3. The precision data shown in Table X2.1 wasobtained earlier using a less detailed packing procedure.13.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two test re-sults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identica
45、l test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values in only one casein twenty:Repeatability 5 0.8!X (2)where:X = the average of the two test results.13.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results ob
46、tained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values in only one case intwenty:Reproducibility 5 1.2!X (3)where:X = the average of the two test results.13.
47、2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of grease life can be defined only in terms ofthe test method.NOTE 6A round robin of twelve cooperators testing five greases hasresulted in the precision statement shown above. The data are shown inTable X2.1. In this round robin,
48、determinations were made using testers byPAM, Koehler, and Falex. No distinction was made as all testers gaveequivalent results.14. Keywords14.1 automotive wheel bearing grease; grease life perfor-mance; lubricating greaseAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. METRIC EQUIVALENTSX1.1 See Table X1.1.
49、6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1177.7Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1007.TABLE X1.1 Metric Equivalents for Figs. 1, 4, and 5in. mm in. mm18 3.175 1.546 39.26814 6.350 1.547 39.29412 12.700 1.796 45.6180.661 16.789 1.797 45.6440.662 16.815 2.342 59.4870.735 18.669 2.343 59.5120.736 18.694 212 63.5000.749 19.025 2.590 65.7860.75 19.050 2.6 66.0400.787
