1、Designation: D3527 15Standard Test Method forLife Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3527; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure forevaluating the high-temperature life performance of wheelbearing greases when test
3、ed under prescribed conditions.NOTE 1Changes to this test method in the 1985 revision increased testseverity. Results will not be comparable with data from earlier procedures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1
4、.2.1 ExceptionApparatus dimensions in inches are to beregarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
5、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 8.1 8.4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AFBMA Standard:AFBMA Standard 19, 1974 (ANSI B. 3.19-1975)23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces
6、the friction or wear between them.3.1.2 lubricating grease, na semi-fluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. O
7、ther ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.3 thickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe solid thickener can be fibers (suchas various metallic soa
8、ps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, onlyvery slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalrequirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like struc
9、ture with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, na lubricatinggrease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheelbearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearingspeeds.3.2.2 grease life, n of wheel bearing g
10、rease, amount oftime operated under prescribed conditions of load, speed, andtemperature until preset torque limit is exceeded.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe off-time, which is part of the 20 hand 4 h off-cycle, is not recorded and is not included as part ofgrease life.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test g
11、rease is distributed in the bearings of amodified, automobile front wheel hub-spindle-bearings assem-bly. While the bearings are thrust-loaded to approximately111 N, the hub is rotated at 1000 rpm and the spindletemperature maintained at 160 C for 20 h, 4 h off operatingcycle. The test is terminated
12、 when grease deterioration causesthe drive motor torque to exceed a calculated motor cut offvalue. Grease life is expressed as the accumulated on-cyclehours.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearinggreases having distinctly different high-temperature character-is
13、tics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests, nor is itintended to distinguish between the products having similarhigh-temperature performance properties.5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screeninggreases with respect to life performance for automotive wheelbearing applica
14、tions.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Assembly (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.Current edition approved April
15、1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D3527 11. DOI:10.1520/D3527-15.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at
16、the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.1 Custom-made Wheel Hub-Spindle-Bearing Assembly(Fig. 3).6.1.2 Oven, electrically heated by a 1200 watt heater,thermostatically controlled to maintain spindle
17、 temperature at160 6 1.5 C.6.1.3 Spindle Drive Motor,14 hp, 120 volts dc with 1725rpm speed control the hub; motor torque is indicated by a meterequipped with an adjustable, automatic cut-off.6.1.4 Fan Drive Motor,130 hp, 120 v dc, 1550 rpm.6.2 Motor speed, oven temperature, spindle temperature,time
18、 cycles and torque are controlled or monitored, or both, byaccessory equipment.6.3 Balance having a minimum capacity of 100 g andminimum sensitivity of 0.1 g.7. Test Bearings7.1 Use LM67048-LM67010 and LM11949-LM11910 (AF-BMA Standard 19) inboard and outboard bearings,3respec-tively.8. Reagents and
19、Materials8.1 n-Heptanereagent grade minimum purity(WarningFlammable. Harmful if inhaled.)8.2 Isopropyl Alcoholreagent grade minimum purity(WarningFlammable.)3Timken or Bower bearings are suitable.NOTE 1Caution should be taken when modifying older units since some may still contain asbestos insulatio
20、n leading to a possible inhalation hazard.FIG. 1 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Elevation View)FIG. 2 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Top View)D3527 1528.3 Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone ECS)4(WarningCombustible. Vapors can be harmful.)8.4 Mineral Spirits, Reagent Grade(WarningCombustible.
21、 Vapors may be harmful.)8.5 SAE 10W Engine Oil.8.6 00 Grade Steel Wool.9. Preparation of Bearings9.1 Carefully remove new bearings (cups and cones) fromtheir packages and place in a suitable clean container. Washwith n-Heptane to remove all rust preventative.9.2 Repeat washing with n-Heptane two add
22、itional times tobe certain all rust preventative has been removed. Use a cleanbeaker each time.9.3 Drain n-Heptane from the bearings and set them on aclean, lint-free cloth or towel to air dry.NOTE 2Cleaning may be facilitated by the use of a sonic cleaner.10. Procedure10.1 Prior to each test, check
23、 the freedom of movement ofthe thrust loading shaft (Fig. 3) in the spindle. If binding isnoted, remove and clean both shaft and spindle bore.10.2 Install the new cups in the cleaned hub in the locationshown in Figs. 1 and 2.10.3 Weigh an inboard and outboard bearing cone to thenearest 0.1 g. Fill t
24、he cones with test grease using an extra setof cups and the grease packer shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Use careto avoid moving the rollers or bearing components whileremoving the cones from the cups and in all subsequent wipingand handling steps. Strike off excess grease flush with the frontface of the c
25、one (near small end of rollers) using a smallspatula. Wipe all grease from cone bore, cone back face,exterior cage surfaces, and exposed roller surfaces with a clean,lint-free cloth or towel and reweigh. Adjust the grease weightin the inboard cone to 3.0 6 0.1 g and in the outboard cone to2.0 6 0.1
26、g by wiping or adding grease to the groove betweenthe cage and the cone back face. Apply a thin film of grease onthe cups.10.4 Install the leakage collector, inboard cone, hub, andoutboard cone on the spindle (Fig. 2). Lock the components inplace with the end cap and screw. Install the spindle conne
27、ctor.10.5 Referring to Fig. 3, adjust the thrust load as follows:tighten the compression nut G until the spring F is seatedagainst the back plate E, but not compressed. Bring the lock nutH up to the compression nut G. Without moving H, compressF by tightening G until the compression gage J will fit
28、betweenH and G. Hold J in position and back off G until J is held firmlybetween H and G.NOTE 3Compression gage J has been machined such that insertionand adjustment of G causes spring F to compress and apply approximately111 N (25 lbf) of axial loading on the wheel bearings. It is the understand-ing
29、 of Subcommittee G that the intent of the axial load is to ensure that thebearing is properly aligned on the spindle and remains so through theduration of the test.Evaluation of a limited selection of these parts indicates the potentialfor significant variations in axial load when the instructions i
30、n 10.5 arefollowed. Since it was first published, this test method has not required4The sole source of supply of Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone ECS)known to the committee at this time is Penetone Corp., 74 Hudson Ave., Tenafly, NJ07670. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please prov
31、ide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG. 3 Spindle and Thrust Rod ComponentsD3527 153calibration of the compression nut, spring, and gauge. So it seems that
32、 itis not critical to achieve an axial load of 111 N within an unspecifiedtolerance. Therefore there is no requirement to calibrate the test parts or toconfirm the loading achieved.10.6 Insert the thermocouple in the spindle thrust rod andposition the junction at the center of the outboard bearingpo
33、sition. Close the cabinet and position the motor to operatinglocation. (WarningDo not engage the drive at this point.Start the motor and adjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. At thispoint observe and record the unloaded motor current N.)10.7 Turn off the motor, engage the drive coupling and lockin posi
34、tion. Set the timer to begin a 20 h cycle. Restart themotor and again adjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. Turn onthe heaters and adjust the oven temperature to maintain thespindle temperature at 160 6 1.5 C (320 6 2.7 F). When thespindle temperature has stabilized at the test temperature, makeno furt
35、her adjustment of the oven temperature for the durationof the test.10.8 Asteady-state running torque will develop in the first 2h of operation as indicated by a stabilized value on the meter.Record this value as steady-state current T . Determine themotor cutoff value as follows:C 5 8T 2 N!1N (1)whe
36、re:C = motor cut-off value, amps,T = steady-state current, amps, andN = unloaded motor current, amps.Set the automatic torque cutoff of motor to value of C.10.9 Permit the apparatus to operate under the prescribedconditions of load, speed, and temperature until the presettorque limit is exceeded at
37、which point the test will beterminated automatically. Record the time the unit shuts down.NOTE 4The motor is protected by a 30 s time delay.NOTE 5The 30 s delay described in Note 4 has been interpreted bysome users as a set requirement of the test method, when it was originallyintended only for info
38、rmation purposes about the protection of the electricmotor from prolonged exposure to high current (torque) levels. Workconducted by the D02.G0.05 Task Force indicates that test precision maybe improved by increasing this delay time to 90 s without significantlyaffecting test severity or increasing
39、the risk of motor burn-out. However,the effect of this change has not been evaluated according to ASTMrequirements for development of test precision. Additionally, the TaskForce found that the cyclic nature of running torque means that the cut-offtorque value (and test severity) may be dependent on
40、the sampling timeused to establish this parameter and taking the average value of severalreadings may be useful.10.10 Allow the tester to cool to a safe handling temperatureand disassemble. If the tester is disassembled hot, use insulatedgloves.11. Parts Cleanup11.1 With a suitable spatula, remove a
41、s much grease aspossible from the grease collector, end cap, and spindleconnector.11.2 Place the parts in a suitable clean container (preferablystainless steel) and cover with Penmul L460 (WarningSee8.3). Install a loosely fitting cover and heat gently (70 6 10 C)until the parts are clean (several h
42、ours). Avoid prolonged(overnight) heating as parts corrosion can occur.11.3 Remove the parts from the solvent and wash with hotrunning water. Rinse immediately with isopropyl alcohol(WarningSee 8.2). Air dry. If the parts will not be usedimmediately, apply a film of SAE 10W engine oil.11.4 Use a sui
43、table spatula to scrape grease off of thespindle. Remove the remaining deposits from the spindle using00 grade steel wool and mineral spirits (WarningSee 8.4). IfFIG. 4 Bearing PackerFIG. 5 Bearing PackerD3527 154strongly adherent deposits resist this treatment, remove thespindle and clean in hot Pe
44、nmul L460.12. Report12.1 Report the hours to failure.13. Precision and Bias513.1 The precision of this test method was determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results. ResearchReport RR:D02-10076procedures were followed in the round-robin testing and statistical analysis of data. In
45、1988 a moreprecise description of the bearing packing procedure wasincluded in 10.3. The precision data shown in Table X2.1 wasobtained earlier using a less detailed packing procedure.13.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two test re-sults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusun
46、der constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values in only one casein twenty:Repeatability 5 0.8!X (2)where:X = the average of the two test results.13.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference
47、 between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values in only one case intwenty:Reproducibility 5 1.2!X (3)wher
48、e:X = the average of the two test results.13.2 BiasThe procedure in this test method has no biasbecause the value of grease life can be defined only in terms ofthe test method.NOTE 6A round robin of twelve cooperators testing five greases hasresulted in the precision statement shown above. The data
49、are shown inTable X2.1. In this round robin, determinations were made using testers byPAM, Koehler, and Falex. No distinction was made as all testers gaveequivalent results.14. Keywords14.1 automotive wheel bearing grease; grease life perfor-mance; lubricating greaseAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. METRIC EQUIVALENTSX1.1 See Table X1.1.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1177.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters
