1、Designation: D 3574 05Standard Test Methods forFlexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and MoldedUrethane Foams1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3574; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods apply to slab,
3、 bonded, and moldedflexible cellular products known as urethane foams. Urethanefoam may be generally defined as an expanded cellular productproduced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds,water, and isocyanates.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
4、 associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.NOTE 1There is no equivalent IS
5、O standard, however certain testmethods in this standard have similar or equivalent ISO standards and arelisted in the scope of the individual test method sections.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 624 Test Metho
6、d for Tear Strength of ConventionalVulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD 726 Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper toPassage of AirD 737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD 3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat
7、 Energy SourceE 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1
8、 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bonded foama product produced by the adhesion ofsmall pieces of urethane foam to each other with a suitablebonding agent.3.1.2 corethe internal portion of a molded part, free ofskin.3.1.3 cored foama flexible cellular material containing amultipl
9、icity of holes (usually, but not necessarily, cylindrical inshape), molded or cut into the material in some pattern,normally perpendicular to the foam rise direction, and extend-ing part or all the way through the piece3.1.4 convoluted foama flexible cellular material spe-cially cut into sheets with
10、 “egg carton”-like dimples. Thedimple peaks and bases can have varied shapes and dimen-sions.3.1.5 flexible cellular producta cellular organic polymericmaterial that will not rupture when a specimen 200 by 25 by 25mm is bent around a 25-mm diameter mandrel at a uniform rateofonelapin5satatemperature
11、 between 18 and 29C.3.1.6 molded foama cellular product having the shape ofthe enclosed chamber in which it is produced by foaming.3.1.7 skinthe smooth surface layer of a molded foamproduct, formed by contact with the mold or surfaces.3.1.8 slaba section of foam that is cut from the internalportion
12、of a large bun.3.1.9 urethane foama flexible cellular product producedby the interaction of active hydrogen compounds, water, andisocyanates.3.1.10 viscoelastic foama specially formulated urethanefoam characterized by having slow recovery, low resilience,and high hysteresis loss.4. Summary of Test M
13、ethods4.1 Unless specifically stated otherwise between the sup-plier and the purchaser, all tests shall be made in accordancewith the methods specified in Sections 9-124 which include testprocedures for the following:1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and
14、 are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22 on CellularMaterials-Plastics and Elastomers.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 3574 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www
15、.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Tests: SectionsTest A Density Test 9-15Test B1Indentation Force Deflection TestSpecifiedDeflection 16-22Test B2Indentation Force Deflection TestSpecifiedForce 23-29Test C Compression Force Deflection Test 30-36Test D Constant Deflection Co
17、mpression Set Test 37-44Test E Tensile Test 45-52Test F Tear Resistance Test 53-60Test G Air Flow Test 61-67Test H Resilience (Ball Rebound) Test 68-75Test I1Static Force Loss Test at Constant Deflection77-85Test I2Dynamic Fatigue Test by the Roller Shear atConstant Force, 86-94Test I3Dynamic Fatigu
18、e Test by Constant ForcePounding 95-103Test I4Dynamic Fatigue Test for Carpet Cushion 104-112Test J Steam Autoclave Aging 113-118Test K Dry Heat Aging 119-124Test L Wet Heat Aging 125-130Test M Recovery Time 131-136Appendixes:X1. Suggested Method for Specifying Flexible Urethane FoamsX2. Suggested M
19、ethod of Construction for a Roller Shear Dynamic Flex Fa-tigue ApparatusX3. Definitions of Terms Used to Describe the Force-Deflection Curve ofFlexible Urethane FoamX4. Suggested Tests for Determining Combustibility of Flexible UrethaneFoam. (The combustion tests are given for informational purposes
20、 onlyand are not part of the standard.)X5. Suggested Method for Verification of an Inclined Oil ManometerX6. Suggested Method for Measuring Hysteresis Loss of Foams5. Significance and Use5.1 The test procedures provide a standard method ofobtaining data for research and development, quality control,
21、acceptance and rejection under specifications, and specialpurposes.5.2 The data obtained by these test methods are applicableto the material under conditions of the particular test and arenot necessarily the same as obtained in other environments inuse.6. General Test Conditions6.1 Tests shall be co
22、nducted under known conditions oftemperature and humidity or as specified in the individual testprocedure. The product shall be conditioned undeflected, andundistorted at the temperature and humidity of test for at least12 h before being tested. In cases of dispute, the tests shall bemade at a tempe
23、rature of 23 6 2C and in an atmosphere of 506 5 % relative humidity.6.2 It is recommended for referee purposes that all testsshall be performed 7 days or more after the foam has beenmanufactured.7. Sampling7.1 When possible, the completed manufactured productshall be used for the test specified. Rep
24、resentative samples ofthe lot being examined shall be selected at random as required.7.2 When it is necessary or advisable to obtain specimensfrom the articles, as in those cases where the entire sample isnot required or adaptable for testing, the method of cutting andthe exact position from which s
25、pecimens are to be taken shallbe specified. The density and the state of cure may vary indifferent parts of the finished product, especially if the article isof complicated shape or of varying thickness, and these factorsaffect the physical properties of the specimens. Also, thedensity is affected b
26、y the number of cut surfaces on thespecimen. If a test specimen is die cut, sufficient time should beallowed for complete recovery of the thickness across the fullwidth of the specimen.7.3 When the finished molded product does not lend itself totesting or to the taking of specimens because of compli
27、catedshape, small size, metal or fabric inserts, adhesion to metal, orother reasons, molded test slabs as agreed upon between thesupplier and the purchaser shall be prepared.7.4 When differences in test results arise due to the difficultyin obtaining suitable specimens from the finished parts, thesu
28、pplier and the purchaser may agree upon an acceptablelocation to take the specimen.8. Measurement of Test Specimens8.1 Measure the length and width with a scale or tape. Takecare not to distort the foam.8.2 Measure thickness up to and including 25 mm using adial-type gage with a minimum foot area of
29、 650 mm2. Hold thepressure of the dial foot to 170 6 35 Pa (Note 2). Thicknessesover 25 mm may be measured with a dial gage, a slidingcaliper gage, or as specified in 8.1. When a sliding caliper gageis employed, make the gage setting with the gage out of contactwith the foam. Pass the specimen throu
30、gh the previously setgage: the proper setting shall be the one when the measuringfaces of the gage contact the surfaces of the specimen withoutcompressing it.NOTE 2For soft foams having compression force deflection valuesless than 1.65 kPa, the pressure on the dial foot shall not exceed 100 Pa.8.3 T
31、he scale, tape, or gage shall be graduated so as topermit measurements within 61 % of the dimensions to bemeasured.8.4 Unless otherwise specified, results shall be the mean ofthe measurements.TEST ADENSITY TEST9. Scope9.1 This test method covers determination of the density ofuncored foam by calcula
32、tion from the mass and volume of thespecimen. The density value thus obtained applies only to theimmediate area from which the specimen has been taken. Itdoes not necessarily relate to the bulk density of the entiremolded pad.NOTE 3ISO 845 is a similar test, but there are technical differences.10. T
33、est Specimen10.1 Core DensityA representative specimen of regularshape, circular or square without skins or densification lines,not less than 1000 mm3in volume, shall be cut from a portionfree of voids and defects and as near as possible to the sectionfrom which the tension and tear specimens were t
34、aken.10.2 Section DensityArepresentative specimen with skinson the top and bottom surface measuring at least 0.1 m2in areaby full-part thickness shall be cut from an area free of voidsD3574052and defects and as near as possible to the location from whichthe tension and tear specimens were taken. Whe
35、n thesedimensions are not possible, the largest representative portionas agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser shall beused.11. Number of Specimens11.1 One specimen shall be tested, unless otherwise agreedupon by the supplier and the purchaser.12. Procedure12.1 Determine the mass of the
36、 specimen within 1 %.12.2 Determine the dimensions of the specimen in accor-dance with Section 8, and calculate the volume.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the density in kilograms per cubic metre asfollows:Density 5 M/V 3 106(1)where:M = mass of specimen, g, andV = volume of specimen, mm3.14. Report14
37、.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3, and14.1.2 Type of specimen, core or section.15. Precision and Bias15.1 See Section 137 for Precision and Bias statements.TEST B1INDENTATION FORCE DEFLECTIONTESTSPECIFIED DEFLECTION16. Scope16.1 This will be known as the ind
38、entation force deflectiontest and the results as the IFD values. This test consists ofmeasuring the force necessary to produce designated indenta-tions in the foam product, for example, 25 and 65 % deflec-tions. (Appendix X3).NOTE 4ISO 2439 is a similar test, but there are technical differences.17.
39、Apparatus17.1 An apparatus having a flat circular indentor foot 203mm in diameter connected by means of a swivel joint capableof accommodating the angle of the sample to a force-measuring device and mounted in such a manner that theproduct or specimen can be deflected at a speed of 50 to 500mm/min.
40、The apparatus shall be arranged to support thespecimen on a level horizontal plate which is perforated withapproximately 6.5-mm holes on approximately 20-mm centersto allow for rapid escape of air during the test. Special supportfor contoured molded pads shall be perforated in the samemanner as the
41、flat plate unless agreed upon between thesupplier and the purchaser. Pads longer than the base plate shallbe supported from distortion at the 4.5-N contact force.18. Test Specimen18.1 The test specimen shall consist of the entire productsample or a suitable portion of it, except that in no case shal
42、lthe specimen have dimensions less than 380 by 380 by 100mm. Specimens less or different than 100 mm in thicknessshall have the thickness noted on the test report.18.2 The IFD values for molded products are dependent onthe specimen dimensions. Higher values are generally obtainedfor specimens that r
43、etain all molded surfaces.19. Number of Specimens19.1 One specimen shall be tested, unless otherwise agreedupon by the supplier and the purchaser.20. Procedure20.1 Place the test specimen in position on the supportingplate of the apparatus. If the product has one side cored orhoney-combed, this face
44、 shall rest on the perforated plate. Thespecimen position shall be such that whenever practicable theindentation will be made at the center of all articles, exceptwhere another location is agreed upon by the supplier and thepurchaser.20.2 Preflex the area to be tested by twice lowering theindentor f
45、oot to a total deflection of 75 to 80 % of the full-partthickness at a rate of 250 6 25 mm/min. Mark the location ofthe test area with a pen by circumscribing the indentor footwhile under a 4.5-N force. Allow the specimen to rest 6 6 1min after the preflex.20.3 Bring the indentor foot into contact w
46、ith the specimenand determine the thickness after applying a contact force of4.5 N (Note 5) to the indentor foot. Indent the specimen at 506 5 mm/min 25 % of this thickness and observe the force innewtons after 60 6 3 s. Without removing the specimenincrease the deflection to 65 % deflection, allowi
47、ng the force todrift while maintaining the 65 % deflection, and again observethe force in newtons after 60 6 3s.NOTE 5For super-soft foam, foam with a 25 % IFD less than 40 N, areduction of pressure on the indentor foot shall be allowed. Sufficientcontact force to make an accurate initial thickness
48、measurement isrequired.21. Report21.1 Report the force in newtons required for 25 and 65 %indentation or other indentations (Note 6). These figures areknown as the 25 % and 65 % IFD values, respectively. Reportalso length, width, and thickness of the specimen, if non-standard and the ratio (support
49、factor Appendix X3)of65%to25 % IFD values.NOTE 6Indentation deflection tests, other than 25 and 65 %, as well asa 25 % return value (25 % RT), may be specified as agreed upon betweenthe supplier and the purchaser.22. Precision and Bias22.1 See Section 137 for Precision and Bias statements.D3574053TEST B2INDENTATION RESIDUAL GAGELENGTH TESTSPECIFIED FORCE23. Scope23.1 Cellular foam products have been traditionally checkedfor indentation force deflection by determining the forcerequired to effect a 25 % deflection. In seating, on the otherhand, the interest
