1、Designation: D3574 16D3574 17Standard Test Methods forFlexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and MoldedUrethane Foams1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3574; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods appl
3、y to slab, bonded, and molded flexible cellular products known as urethane foams. Urethane foamis generally defined as an expanded cellular product produced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds, water, andisocyanates.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns
4、, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.NOTE 1There is no known
5、ISO equivalent to this standard, however certain test methods in this standard have similar or equivalent ISO standardsand are listed in the scope of the individual test method sections.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersTen
6、sionD624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD3576 Test Method for Cell Size of Rigid Cellular PlasticsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Rad
7、iant Heat Energy SourceE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid MaterialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Termi
8、nology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bonded foama product produced by the adhesion of small pieces of urethane foam to each other with a suitable bondingagent.3.1.2 corethe internal portion of a molded part, free of skin.3.1.3 cored foama flexible cellular material containi
9、ng a multiplicity of holes (usually, but not necessarily, cylindrical inshape), molded or cut into the material in some pattern, normally perpendicular to the foam rise direction, and extending part orall the way through the piece.3.1.4 convoluted foama flexible cellular material specially cut into
10、sheets with “egg carton”-like dimples. The dimple peaksand bases can have varied shapes and dimensions.3.1.5 flexible cellular producta cellular organic polymeric material that will not rupture when a specimen 200 by 25 by 25mm is bent around a 25-mm diameter mandrel at a uniform rate of one lap in
11、5 s at a temperature between 18 and 29C.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22 on Cellular Materials -Plastics and Elastomers.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016March 1, 2017. Published January 2017
12、March 2017. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 asD3574 11.D3574 16. DOI: 10.1520/D3574-16.10.1520/D3574-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvo
13、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to ade
14、quately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM
15、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.6 molded foama cellular product having the shape of the enclosed chamber in which it is produced by foaming.3.1.7 skinthe smooth surface layer of a molded foam product, formed by contact with the
16、mold or surfaces.3.1.8 slaba section of foam that is cut from the internal portion of a large bun.3.1.9 urethane foama flexible cellular product produced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds, water, andisocyanates.3.1.10 viscoelastic foama specially formulated urethane foam characterized
17、by having slow recovery, low resilience, and highhysteresis loss.3.1.11 cell counta measurement used to characterize different types of foams based on the size of the individual cells in thefoam matrix, typically expressed as either average cell diameter or as the number of cells per linear distance
18、. For measuring cellcounts, see Test Method D3576.3.1.12 clickabilitythe ability of a flexible cellular material to recover from the pinching effects of die cutting.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Unless otherwise specifically stated and agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier, all tests shall b
19、e made in accordancewith the methods specified in Sections 9 150, which include test procedures for the following:Tests: SectionsTest A Density Test 9 15Test B1 Indentation Force Deflection TestSpecifiedDeflection (IFD)16 22Test B2 Indentation Residual Gauge Length TestSpecifiedForce (IRGL)23 29Test
20、 C Compression Force Deflection Test 30 36Test D Constant Deflection Compression Set Test 37 44Test E Tensile Test 45 52Test F Tear Resistance Test 53 60Test G Air Flow Test 61 67Test H Resilience (Ball Rebound) Test 68 75Test I1 Static Force Loss Test at Constant Deflection 77 85Test I2 Dynamic Fat
21、igue Test by Roller Shear at Con-stant Force86 94Test I3 Dynamic Fatigue Test by Constant ForcePounding95 103Test I4 Dynamic Fatigue Test for Carpet Cushion 104 112Test I5 Dynamic Fatigue Test by Constant DeflectionPounding113 121Aging Test J Steam Autoclave Aging 122 127Aging Test K Dry Heat Aging
22、128 133Aging Test L Wet Heat Aging 134 139Test M Recovery Time 140 145Test N Hysteresis Loss 146 150Appendixes:X1. Suggested Method for Specifying Flexible Urethane FoamsX2. Suggested Method of Construction for a Roller Shear Dynamic FlexFatigue ApparatusX3. Definitions of Terms Used to Describe the
23、 Force-Deflection Curve ofFlexible Urethane FoamX4. Suggested Tests for Determining Combustibility of Flexible UrethaneFoam. (The combustion tests are given for informational purposes onlyand are not part of the standard.)X5. Suggested Method for the Verification of an Inclined Oil Manometer5. Signi
24、ficance and Use5.1 The test procedures provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptanceand rejection under specifications, and special purposes.5.2 The data obtained by these test methods are applicable to the material under conditions of the part
25、icular test and are notnecessarily the same as obtained in other environments in use.6. General Test Conditions6.1 Tests shall be entirely conducted at 23 6 2 C and 50 6 10 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the individualtest method. The product shall be conditioned, undeflected and
26、 undistorted, at 23 6 2 C and 50 6 10 % relative humidity, for atleast 12 h before being tested, unless otherwise specified in the individual test method.6.2 It is recommended for referee purposes that all tests be performed seven days or more after the foam has been manufactured.D3574 1726.3 For me
27、chanical tests, it is advisable to carefully select the proper load cell for each test. It is recommended that the expectedload for any individual test falls within 10-90 % of the load cell capacity.7. Sampling7.1 When possible, the completed manufactured product shall be used for the test specified
28、. Representative samples of the lotbeing examined shall be selected at random, as required.7.2 When it is necessary or advisable to obtain specimens from the articles, as in those cases where the entire sample is notrequired or adaptable for testing, the method of cutting and the exact position from
29、 which specimens are to be taken shall bespecified. The density and the state of cure can vary in different parts of the finished product, especially if the article is ofcomplicated shape or of varying thickness, and these factors affect the physical properties of the specimens. Also, the density is
30、affected by the number of cut surfaces on the specimen. If a test specimen is die cut, ensure that the sides are not concave and allowsufficient time for complete recovery of the thickness across the full width of the specimen before testing.7.3 When the finished molded product does not lend itself
31、to testing or to the taking of specimens because of complicated shape,small size, metal or fabric inserts, adhesion to metal, or other reasons, molded test slabs, as agreed upon between the purchaserand the supplier, shall be prepared.7.4 When differences in test results arise due to the difficulty
32、in obtaining suitable specimens from the finished parts, thepurchaser and the supplier shall agree upon an acceptable location from which to take the specimen.8. Measurement of Test Specimens8.1 Measure the length and width with a scale, tape, or caliper gauge. Take care not to distort the foam.8.2
33、Measure thickness up to and including 25 mm using a height or electronic display gauge with a minimum foot area of 650mm2. Hold the pressure of the gauge foot to a maximum of 800 Pa (see Note 2). Thicknesses over 25 mm shall be measured witha height or electronic display gauge, a sliding caliper gau
34、ge, or as specified in 8.1. When a sliding caliper gauge is employed, makethe gauge setting with the gauge out of contact with the foam. Pass the specimen through the previously set gauge; the propersetting shall be the one when the measuring faces of the gauge contact the surfaces of the specimen w
35、ithout compressing it.NOTE 2For soft foams having compression force deflection values less than 1.65 kPa, the pressure on the gauge or compression foot shall not exceed200 Pa.8.3 The scale, tape, or gauge shall be graduated so as to permit measurements within 61 % of the dimensions to be measured.8.
36、4 Unless otherwise specified, results shall be the mean of the measurements.TEST ADENSITY TEST9. Scope9.1 This test method covers determination of the density of uncored foam by calculation from the mass and volume of thespecimen. The density value thus obtained applies only to the immediate area fr
37、om which the specimen has been taken. It doesnot necessarily relate to the bulk density of the entire molded pad.NOTE 3This standard is equivalent to ISO 845.10. Test Specimen10.1 Core DensityA representative specimen of regular shape, circular or square without skins or densification lines, not les
38、sthan 10,000 mm3 (0.61 in.3) in volume, shall be cut from a portion free of voids and defects and as near as possible to the sectionfrom which the tension and tear specimens were taken.10.2 Section DensityA representative specimen with skins on the top and bottom surface measuring at least 0.1 m2 in
39、 area byfull-part thickness, shall be cut from an area free of voids and defects and as near as possible to the location from which the tensionand tear specimens were taken. When these dimensions are not possible, the largest representative portion as agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the supplie
40、r, shall be used.11. Number of Specimens11.1 One specimen shall be tested, unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier.12. Procedure12.1 Determine the mass of the specimen to a precision of 61 %.12.2 Determine the dimensions of the specimen in accordance with Section 8, and calcul
41、ate the volume.D3574 17313. Calculation13.1 Calculate the density in kilograms per cubic metre as follows:Density5M/V 3106 (1)where:M = mass of specimen, g, andV = volume of specimen, mm3.14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3, and14.1.2 Type of speci
42、men, core or section.15. Precision and Bias15.1 See Section 151 for Precision and Bias statements.TEST B1 INDENTATION FORCE DEFLECTION TESTSPECIFIED DEFLECTION (IFD)16. Scope16.1 This will be known as the indentation force deflection test and the results as the IFD values. This test consists of meas
43、uringthe force necessary to produce designated indentations in the foam product, for example, indentations at 25 and 65 % deflections.(See Appendix X3 for additional information).NOTE 4This standard and ISO 2439 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content and results cannot be d
44、irectly compared betweenthe two methods.17. Apparatus17.1 An apparatus having a flat circular indenter foot 200 +3/0 mm in diameter connected by means of a swivel joint capableof accommodating the angle of the sample to a force-measuring device and mounted in such a manner that the product or specim
45、encan be deflected at a speed of 50 to 250 mm/min. The apparatus shall be arranged to support the specimen on a level horizontalplate which is perforated with approximately 6.5-mm holes on approximately 20-mm centers to allow for rapid escape of air duringthe test. Special supports for contoured mol
46、ded pads shall be perforated in the same manner as the flat plate, unless otherwiseagreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. Pads longer than the base plate shall be supported from distortion at the 4.5-Ncontact force (see 20.3).NOTE 5Equipment design and test fixturing can affect the resu
47、lts of this test.As an example, load cells placed below the support plate can experiencea bridging effect that likely does not occur in equipment which has the load cell mounted above the indenter foot.18. Test Specimen18.1 The test specimen shall consist of the entire product sample or a suitable p
48、ortion of it, except that in no case shall thespecimen have dimensions less than 380 by 380 by 100 mm. If specimens are less than (or different from) 100 mm in thickness,the thickness shall be noted on the test report.18.2 The IFD values for molded products are dependent on the specimen dimensions.
49、Higher values are generally obtained forspecimens that retain all molded surfaces.19. Number of Specimens19.1 One specimen shall be tested, unless otherwise agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier.20. Procedure20.1 Place the test specimen in position on the supporting plate of the apparatus. If the product has one side cored or convoluted,this face shall rest on the perforated plate. The specimen position shall be such that, whenever practicable, the indentation will bemade at the center of the specim
