1、Designation: D 3580 95 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Methods forVibration (Vertical Linear Motion) Test of Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of reso-nances of unpackaged products and components of unpackagedpr
3、oducts by means of vertical linear motion at the surface onwhich the product is mounted for test. Two alternate testmethods are presented:Test Method AResonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, andTest Method BResonance Search Using Random Vibration.NOTE 1The two test methods are not necessarily e
4、quivalent and maynot produce the same results. It is possible that tests using randomvibration may be more representative of the transport environment andmay be conducted more quickly than sine tests.1.2 This information may be used to examine the responseof products to vibration for product design
5、purposes, or for thedesign of a container or interior package that will minimizetransportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies,when these products resonances are within the expectedtransportation environment frequency range. Since vibrationdamage is most likely to occur at product res
6、onant frequencies,these resonances may be thought of as potential productfragility points.1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test meth-ods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of theresonating components and for product modification. This maybecome necessary if the respons
7、e of a product would requiredesign of an impractical or excessively costly shipping con-tainer.1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate thevibration effects that the product will encounter in its opera-tional or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test proce-dures should be used for t
8、his purpose.1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent thecorrelation of the best information currently available fromresearch investigation and from experience in the use of thesetest methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available,they should be substituted.1.6 This standard
9、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 forspecific precau
10、tionary statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackage Components for TestingD 4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing ofShipping ContainersE 122 Practice for Ca
11、lculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Charac-teristic of a Lot or Process2.2 Military Standard:MIL-STD 810, Method 514 Vibration33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, see Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Ter
12、ms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 decadethe interval of two frequencies having abasic frequency ratio of 10 (1 decade = 3.322 octaves).3.2.2 decibel (dB)a logarithmic expression of the relativevalues of two quantities. For relative power measurements, thedB value equals 10 times the base-10 logarit
13、hm of the ratio ofthe two quantities, that is, dB = 10 log10P1/P2.3.2.3 mean-squarethe time average of the square of thefunction.3.2.4 octavethe interval of two frequencies having abasic frequency ratio of 2 (1 octave = 0.301 decade).3.2.5 overall g rmsthe square root of the integral of powerspectra
14、l density over the total frequency range.3.2.6 power spectral density (PSD)a term used to quan-tify the intensity of random vibration in terms of mean-squareacceleration per unit of frequency. The units are g2/Hz (g2/1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging an
15、d are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.15 on FragilityAssessment.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 3580 95 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
16、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Defense Printing Service Detachment Office, Bldg. 4D,NPM-DODSSP, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 191115094.1Copyri
17、ght ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cycles/s). Power spectral density is the limiting mean squarevalue in a given rectangular bandwidth divided by the band-width, as the bandwidth approaches zero.3.2.7 random vibrationoscillator
18、y motion which containsno periodic or quasiperiodic constituent.3.2.8 random vibration magnitudethe root-meansquareof the power spectral density value. The instantaneous magni-tudes of random vibration are not prescribed for any giveninstant in time, but instead are prescribed by a probabilitydistri
19、bution function, the integral of which over a givenmagnitude range will give the probable percentage of time thatthe magnitude will fall within that range.3.2.9 resonancefor a system undergoing forced vibration,the frequency at which any change of the exciting frequency inthe vicinity of the excitin
20、g frequency, causes a decrease in theresponse of the system.3.2.10 root-mean-square (rms)the square root of themean-square value. In the exclusive case of a sine wave, therms value is 0.707 times the peak.3.2.11 sinusoidal vibrationperiodic motion whose accel-eration versus time waveform has the gen
21、eral shape of a sinecurve, that is, y = sine x.3.2.12 sinusoidal vibration amplitudethe maximumvalue of a sinusoidal quantity. By convention, acceleration istypically specified in terms of zero-to-peak amplitude, whiledisplacement is specified in terms of peak-to-peak amplitude.3.2.13 transmissibili
22、tythe ratio of the measured accelera-tion amplitude at a point of interest in the product to themeasured input acceleration amplitude of the test surface of theapparatus.3.2.14 vertical linear motionmotion occurring essentiallyalong a straight vertical line, with no significant horizontal oroff-axis
23、 components.4. Significance and Use4.1 Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in thetransportation environment. The determination of the resonantfrequencies of the product may aid the packaging designer indetermining the proper packaging system to provide adequateprotection for the product
24、, as well as providing an understand-ing of the complex interactions between the components of theproduct as they relate to expected transportation vibrationinputs.5. Apparatus5.1 Vibration Test MachineThe machine shall consist of aflat horizontal test surface of sufficient strength and rigiditysuch
25、 that the applied vibrations are essentially uniform over theentire test surface when loaded with the test specimen. The testsurface shall be driven to move only in vertical linear motionthroughout the desired range of amplitudes and frequencies.5.1.1 Sinusoidal ControlThe frequency and amplitude of
26、the motion shall be variable, under control, to cover the rangespecified in 10.4.5.1.2 Random ControlThe frequency and amplitudes ofmotion shall be continuously variable, under control, toachieve the bandwidths, amplitudes, and overall g rms valuesspecified in 10.5.5.2 Specimen-Mounting DevicesDevic
27、es of sufficientstrength and rigidity are required to attach the product securelyto the test surface. The mounting devices shall not havesignificant resonances in the test frequency range. They shallrigidly mount the product in a manner similar to the way inwhich it will be supported in its shipping
28、 container. Relativemotion between the test surface and the specimen mountinginterface shall not be permitted.5.3 Instrumentation:5.3.1 Sensors, signal conditioners, filters, and a data acqui-sition apparatus are required to monitor or record, or both, theaccelerations and frequencies at the test su
29、rface of the appara-tus and at points of interest in the product. The instrumentationsystem shall have a response accurate to within 65 % over thetest range.5.3.1.1 For Test Method A, the frequencies and accelerationamplitudes or transmissibilities may be taken either manuallyor by means of a record
30、ing instrument. A stroboscope or videosystem may be beneficial for visual examination of thespecimen under test.5.3.1.2 For Test Method B, the data acquisition apparatusshall be capable of recording or indicating the transmissibilitiesbetween points of interest in the product to the test surface,ove
31、r the frequency bandwidth specified in 10.5.6. Hazards6.1 PrecautionThese test methods may produce severemechanical response in the product being tested. Therefore, themeans used to fasten the product to the test surface must be ofsufficient strength to keep it adequately secured. Operatingpersonnel
32、 shall remain alert to potential hazards and takenecessary precautions for their safety. Stop the test methodimmediately if a dangerous condition should develop.7. Sampling7.1 Test specimens and number of samples shall be chosento permit an adequate determination of representative perfor-mance. When
33、ever sufficient products are available, five ormore replicate samples should be tested to improve thestatistical reliability of the data obtained (see Practice E 122).8. Test Specimens8.1 The product as intended for packaging shall constitutethe test specimen. Sensor(s) may be applied as appropriate
34、 tomeasure data points of interest with the minimum possiblealteration of the test specimen. In particular, sensors shall belightweight and have flexible cables to prevent changing eitherthe effective weight or stiffness of the components to whichthey are mounted, thereby changing the resonant frequ
35、encies ofthe components. Parts and surfaces of the specimen may bemarked for identification and reference. When necessary toobserve interior components of the product during tests, holesmay be cut in noncritical areas or noncritical panels may beremoved.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition test specimens be
36、fore test and maintain inaccordance with any requirements. In the absence of otherrequirements, conditioning in accordance with Practice D 4332D 3580 95 (2004)2is recommended with a standard conditioning atmosphere of 236 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 2 % relative humidity.10. Procedure10.1 Perform the
37、tests in the conditioned environment orimmediately upon removal from that environment.10.2 Attach the test specimen to the test surface, near thecenter of the apparatus in a manner that will prevent thespecimen from leaving or moving across the test surface duringvibration. Caution is necessary to a
38、void excessive pressure ormounting methods that could influence the characteristics ofthe product.10.3 Test intensities shall be sufficient to vibrate the productat acceleration and frequency levels that determine if productresonances exist in the expected transportation environment.Experience has s
39、hown that most individual transportationenvironments contain frequencies ranging from 3 to 100 Hz.Acceleration levels sufficient to excite resonance normallyrange from 0.25 to 0.5 g.10.4 Sinusoidal VibrationTest Method A:10.4.1 Sweep the frequency range from 3 to 100 Hz andreturn using automatic or
40、manual sweep, while maintaining anearly constant acceleration level.10.4.2 Select an acceleration level between 0.25 and 0.5 g(zero to peak). Starting at 3 Hz, vary the frequency of vibrationat a continuous logarithmic rate of 0.5 to 1 octave/min to 100Hz and back to 3 Hz. Record any resonant respon
41、ses of theproduct, repeat the cycle if necessary.NOTE 2For some specific product/environmental combinations,higher frequencies may be required to produce product resonances. For anexample, see MIL-STD 810.10.5 Random VibrationTest Method B:10.5.1 Start the vibration system such that the PSD levels d
42、onot overshoot the desired spectrum during startup. It is recom-mended that tests be initiated at least 6 dB below full level andincremented in one or more subsequent steps to full test level.Operate at full test level for a time duration long enough for thecontrol system to stabilize and for the da
43、ta to be averagedsufficiently to represent stable spectrum shapes and levels,usually 3 min or more. This time is dependent upon thecharacteristics of the vibration test machine and control sys-tem, the setup, and the weight and characteristics of the testspecimen.10.5.2 Use one of the spectra from T
44、est Method D 4728, aspectrum representative of the expected transportation environ-ment, a flat broadband spectrum, or a spectrum known to beappropriate. It is recommended that the minimum frequencyrange be from 3 to 100 Hz, the overall amplitude of thespectrum be not less than 0.25 g rms, and that
45、the maximumvariation in power spectral density over the total frequencyrange be 30 db or less. Record any resonant responses of theproduct.NOTE 3Spectrum shapes and levels may be important, due to productresponses which are nonlinear with variations in amplitude. For somespecific product/environment
46、al combinations, higher frequencies orhigher-amplitude spectra may be required to produce observable productresonances. For an example, see MIL-STD 810.10.6 Monitor the amplitude and frequency data sensed onthe test surface to ensure that the desired test conditions areproduced. Mount the accelerome
47、ter to either the top or bottomof the test surface, as close to the test item as possible, or in alocation which produces data representative of table motion.10.7 Monitor the test specimen and its components for anyresonant vibrations. Use a stroboscope; sensors and readouts;and visual, auditory, or
48、 other means as applicable to determinethese resonances. Any resonances with transmissibilities of 2or greater may be considered significant. For sine testing, thefrequency sweep may be interrupted or reversed if necessaryfor short time periods to identify properly a resonating com-ponent.10.8 Recor
49、d the frequencies of any resonances and identifythe product components that are resonating. For sine testing, ifdifferent frequencies are recorded for each resonating compo-nent on the upsweep as compared to the downsweep (a typicalsituation), record both frequencies and the correspondingsweep direction.10.9 Test the product in each of the potential shippingorientations of concern.10.10 Optional Sinusoidal Dwell Test Perform a sinusoi-dal dwell test at each resonant frequency found in 10.8, if it isdetermined to be within the expected transportation
