1、Designation: D 3633 98 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forElectrical Resistivity of Membrane-Pavement Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3633; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the electri-cal resistivity of water-barrier membrane-pavement system
3、swhen applied to concrete bridge decks.1.2 Measurements shall be performed on the bituminouspavement surface covering the water-barrier membrane.1.3 This test method utilizes a measure of electrical resis-tance between the saturated top surface of the water-barriermembrane and the reinforcing steel
4、embedded in the concretebridge deck.1.4 The values measured represent the electrical resistanceobtained with the equipment and procedures stated herein anddo not necessarily agree or correlate with those using otherequipment or procedures.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thest
5、andard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refer
6、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD 3743 Terminology Relating to Bridge Deck and Sub-structure Protection3D 4071 Practice for Use of Portland Cement ConcreteBridge Deck Water Barrier Membrane System
7、sE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, referto Terminology D 3743.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method for measuring the electrical resistivityof water-barrier membrane-pavement systems may be inter-preted to
8、 indicate the effectiveness of such systems.4.2 This test method is predicated on the fact that anelectrical connection between the surface of the pavement andthe reinforcing steel in the concrete pavement cannot be madethrough an impermeable water-barrier membrane.4.3 This test method may be used f
9、or acceptance when theaccepting agency specifies the minimum resistance valuedesired.5. Apparatus5.1 Ohmmeter, dc, 20 000 V/V rating connected to adouble-pole, double-throw switch box or ac ohmmeter (switchbox not required).NOTE 1When this test method is used for acceptance, the acceptingagency shou
10、ld specify the type of ohmmeter to be used.5.2 Insulated Wire, No. 18, Belden test probewire or equiva-lent. Two spools, minimum 38 m (125 ft).5.3 Copper Plate, 305 by 305 by 3.0 mm (12 by 12 by18in.), with the means for connecting the ohmmeter lead and awooden handle approximately 1 m (39 in.) in l
11、ength.5.4 Polyurethane Sponge, 305 by 305 by 13 mm (12 by 12by12 in.), to be attached to the copper plate with rubber bandsor other suitable means. When assembled this apparatus iscalled the probe.5.5 Pressure Spray Can, 12-L (3-gal) capacity, with a hoseand spray nozzle.6. Reagent6.1 A wetting agen
12、t which, when added to the water, willbreak the surface tension and promote the penetration of thewater through the bituminous pavement.NOTE 2An example of a wetting agent is a super-saturated solution ofcupric sulfate crystals in warm water to which is added 19 mL/gal ofDioctyl Sodium Sulfo-succina
13、te (Tradename “Aerosol” OT Clear, 10 %).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 onBridges and Structures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in
14、 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 3633 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3W
15、ithdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.When ambient test site temperature is below 50F (10C), add 15 % byvolume of either isopropyl or denatured alcohol to prevent clouding of thewetting agent. Clouding of the wetti
16、ng agent may inhibit penetration.7. Sampling7.1 Determine locations on the bridge deck to be tested byusing either a grid pattern similar to that illustrated in Fig. 1 orby a random location system, based upon Practice E 105 or asimilar method, that will ensure that the bridge deck area to betested
17、will be adequately represented.8. Procedure8.1 Prepare the surface to be tested by removing all foreignmaterial by sweeping or scraping, or both. Do not use water toclean. The surface must be dry and clean before testing.8.1.1 Locate the reinforcing steel with a pachometer. Drillwith a rotary impact
18、 hammer at selected locations to expose thereinforcing steel to allow attachment of ohmmeter leads.Alternately, drill until the drill bit contacts the steel firmly toallow ohmmeter lead attachment.8.2 Uncoil an ample length of wire to reach all areas to betested, attach the minus () jack of the ohmm
19、eter to thereinforcing steel and the plus ( + ) jack to the 305 by 305 by3.0-mm (12 by 12 by18-in.) copper plate of the probe. Thensaturate the sponge with water containing the wetting agent.NOTE 3A direct connection from the ohmmeter to the top layer ofreinforcing steel in the deck is desirable. Ho
20、wever, if it is not practical todo this, the bridge railing, expansion joints, light standards, drainagescuppers, or other exposed steel, which is known to have contact with thetop mat of reinforcing steel, may be used to provide this connection.8.2.1 Check the ohmmeter battery for satisfactory char
21、ge,then zero the ohmmeter dial indicator. Connect the two wireleads to the ohmmeter and check for circuit continuity.8.2.2 Check for overall equipment operation and satisfac-tory circuit by placing the probe on exposed concrete deckcurbing and observing the resistance reading on the ohmmeter.This re
22、ading will normally range from 1000 to 3000 V forvarious bridge decks. Place the probe at several locations alongthe curb and observe the readings, which must remain rela-tively constant as an indication of a complete electrical circuitand especially to ensure a good contact with the reinforcingstee
23、l.NOTE 4Excessive moisture in the pavement would cause invalidresistance readings. To give a measure of assurance against this, theresistance between any two test sites may be checked prior to the testingsequence described in 8.3 through 8.4. This is accomplished by attachingthe ohmmeter to two prob
24、es, rather than a single probe, and the reinforcingsteel. Immediate low readings (10 000 6V) will indicate excessivemoisture in the pavement and on top of the membrane and further testingof the entire deck, or at least such identified portions of it, should bepostponed.8.3 By means of the pressure s
25、pray can containing watermixed with 8 mL/L (1 oz/gal) of wetting agent, wet a spot ateach test location as determined in 7.1. Each spot should belarge enough to accommodate the probe. Repeat the wetting ofeach test site three to five times in series. Take care that thewetted areas do not interconnec
26、t, either on the surface or at thepavement water-barrier membrane interface.8.3.1 In order to be sure that the applied water has pen-etrated the pavement and is in contact with the water-barriermembrane, select a representative, well-compacted, test loca-tion as a check point. After allowing ample t
27、ime for moisturepenetration at all test sites, place the probe on the check pointand determine the resistance with the test apparatus assembledas described in 8.2. Repeat the wetting of all test sites followedby a determination of the resistance at the check point. Do thisuntil the check point resis
28、tance reading has stabilized. The timerequired for the wetting process will vary, depending on thethickness and permeability of the pavement layer (30 min isnormally sufficient).NOTE 5The reasoning behind the above requirement is that when thedense, very well-compacted pavement at the check point, w
29、hich has beenwetted equally along with all other test locations, achieves a stabilizedresistance, then logically all other test sites should have stabilized also. Ithas been found expedient in some cases (due to high ambient tempera-tures) to place prewetted sponges at each test site after wetting i
30、n order tomaintain saturation.8.4 Proceed to test the bridge deck for electrical resistance.Place the probe at each test location and allow the ohmmeterreading to settle; note it. For a d-c ohmmeter, reverse the leadsby tripping the double-pole switch. When the reading hassettled again, note it and
31、record the average of two suchreadings as the resistance for each point. (See Fig. 2 for anexample of the recording procedure.)NOTE 6Reversal of the dc meter leads by means of the switch box andaveraging the readings reduces the error induced by galvanic coupling ofthe probe and the reinforcing stee
32、l. This is not necessary when using an acohmmeter. If readings are taken using scales other than the highest rangeprovided by the ohmmeter, note the scale used.FIG. 1 Layout for Test GridD 3633 98 (2006)28.5 If it is desired to further define areas of low-resistancereadings, establish a grid pattern
33、 with intersections at interme-diate points not previously tested. These points should only betested after allowing sufficient time for the moisture in thepavement to dissipate. Time for this will depend on the densityand thickness of the pavement, as well as the ambient andpavement temperatures (us
34、ually a minimum of 24 h should beallowed).9. Report9.1 The resistance values shall be reported in a mannersimilar to that shown in Fig. 2. Areas that fail to meet anyminimum requirements may be outlined on the grid sheet. Ifdesired, these same areas may be outlined on the bridge deck.Any repairs or
35、corrections that need to be made shall be notedon the report sheet.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Data were developed for precision statement from awater-barrier membrane-pavement system that had been inservice for some time. The precision statements may not beapplicable when testing new installations s
36、ince an effectivemembrane should produce readings of infinite resistance.10.2 The single operator coefficient of variation of a singletest result has been found to be 79 %.4Therefore, results of twoproperly conducted tests by the same operator on the same dayshould not differ by more than 2.23 times
37、 the average of thetwo results.10.3 The multi-operator coefficient of variation of a singletest result has been found to be 79 %.Therefore, results of twoproperly conducted tests by different operators on the same dayshould not differ by more than 2.23 times the average of thetwo results.10.4 BiasSi
38、nce there is no accepted reference materialavailable at this time for determining bias for this test method,no statement on bias is being made.11. Keywords11.1 membrane-pavement systems; reinforcing steel; waterbarrier resistivityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any pa
39、tent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revisio
40、n at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com
41、ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyright
42、ed by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s %) and (d2s %) limits asdescribed in Practice C 670.FIG. 2 Typical Resistance ValuesD 3633 98 (2006)3
