1、Designation: D 3681 06An American National StandardStandard Test Method forChemical Resistance of “Fiberglass”(GlassFiberReinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe in aDeflected Condition1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3681; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for det
3、erminingthe chemical-resistant properties of fiberglass pipe in a de-flected condition for diameters 4 in. (102 mm) and larger. Bothglassfiberreinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) andglassfiberreinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiber-glass pipes.NOTE 1For the purposes for this standard,
4、polymer does not includenatural polymers.1.2 Inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. Thevalues given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
5、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 9.5.NOTE 2There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 883 Termin
6、ology Relating to PlasticsD 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlasticsD 3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiber-glass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipeand Fittings2.2 ISO Standard:3 Preferred NumbersSeries of Preferred Numbers33. Terminology3.1 Definitions
7、:3.1.1 GeneralDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology D 883 and abbreviations are in accordance with Termi-nology D 1600 unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Descrip-tions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 end pointthe passage of the fluid thr
8、ough the pipewall unless otherwise stated. The failure mode may be cata-strophic, characterized by a sudden fracture through the pipewall in the area of greatest strain, parallel to the axis of thepipe, with the fiber reinforcement cleanly broken at the edge ofthe fracture. Visual evidence of surfac
9、e etching or pitting mayor may not be present.3.2.2 fiberglass pipetubular product containing glassfiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by curedthermosetting resin. The composite structure may containaggregate, granular or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pig-ments, or dyes. Thermopla
10、stic or thermosetting liners orcoatings may be included.3.2.3 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP)fiberglasspipe with aggregate.3.2.4 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP)fiberglass pipe without aggregate.3.2.5 strain-corrosionthe failure of the pipe wall causedby the exposure of the inside su
11、rface, while in a strainedcondition, to a corrosive environment for a period of time.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of exposing the interior of aminimum of 18 specimens of pipe to a corrosive test solutionwhile the pipe is constantly maintained in a deflected conditionat diff
12、ering induced initial ring flexural strain levels, andmeasuring the time to failure for each strain level. Testtemperatures are obtained by testing in an air environmentwhere the temperature is controlled.4.2 The long-term resistance of the pipe to the test solutionis obtained by an extrapolation to
13、 50 years of a log-log linearregression line for initial strain level versus time.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced PlasticPiping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Oc
14、t. 15, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3681 01e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
15、 to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
16、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 3It is the consensus of Subcommittee D20.23 that the logloglinear regression analysis of test data is a conservative approach and isrepresentative of standard industry practice. However, a task group hasbeen formed to evaluate a
17、lternative non-linear analysis methods.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates the effect of a chemicalenvironment on pipe when in a deflected condition. It has beenfound that effects of chemical environments can be acceleratedby strain induced by deflection. This information is useful
18、 andnecessary for the design and application of buried fiberglasspipe.NOTE 4Pipe of the same diameter but of different wall thicknesseswill develop different strains with the same deflection. Also, pipes havingthe same wall thickness but different constructions making up the wallmay develop differen
19、t strains with the same deflection.6. Apparatus6.1 Use parallel plate apparatus suitable to maintain aconstant deflection on the pipe. In order to achieve uniformstrain along the pipe, use 0.25-in. (6-mm) thick elastomericpads between the parallel plate (channel) surfaces and the pipering (see Note
20、5). Foil type, single element strain gages suitablefor strain levels to 1.50 % strain and a length appropriate to thediameter of the pipe are required when initial strain is to bedetermined by Procedure B (see Note 6). An example of theapparatus required is shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 5Elastomeric pads wit
21、h a hardness of Shore A 15 to 70 havebeen used successfully.NOTE 6Strain gages of14 and12-in. (6 and 13-mm) length have beenfound to be effective for pipe diameters 12 through 24 in. (305 through610 mm). Consult the strain gage manufacturer for gage length recom-mendations for other pipe diameters.7
22、. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimens shall be ring sections taken from asample of pipe selected at random from a normal productionrun. The test specimens shall have a minimum length of onenominal pipe diameter or 12 in. (300 mm) 6 5 %, whicheveris less.8. Test Conditions8.1 The standard temperatur
23、e shall be 73.4 6 3.6F (23 62C).9. Procedure9.1 GeneralDetermine the initial strain level induced inthe pipe by calculation, or strain gage measurement, or both.Procedure A describes the determination of initial strain bycalculation; Procedure B describes the determination of initialstrain as obtain
24、ed by use of foil-type resistance strain gages.9.2 Determination of Test Level:9.2.1 Test Procedure A:9.2.1.1 In accordance with Practice D 3567 measure thewall thickness to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) in at leastfive equally spaced places along the bottom of the pipespecimen on a line parallel
25、 with the pipe axis, and average themeasurements.9.2.1.2 In accordance with Practice D 3567 measure thevertical inside diameter to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) atboth ends prior to deflection and average the measurements.NOTE 7It is recommended that the vertical inside diameter bemeasured with the
26、 axis vertical.9.2.1.3 Place the pipe specimen in the test apparatus (Fig. 1)with the measured wall thicknesses at the bottom and applyforce to the apparatus to deflect the specimen while keeping thetop and bottom plates (channels) of the apparatus as nearparallel as possible. When the desired defle
27、ction is obtained,lock the apparatus to maintain the specimen in the deflectedcondition.NOTE 8Alignment of the specimen within the channels is critical. Thechannels must not only be parallel with the load points 180 opposite, butthe pipe must be centered between the rods.9.2.1.4 Measure the vertical
28、 inside diameter of the deflectedpipe specimen at both ends to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm).Average the measurements and determine the deflection bysubtracting the average vertical inside diameter after deflectionfrom the measurement determined in 9.2.1.2.FIG. 1 Strain-Corrosion Test ApparatusD 36
29、81 0629.2.1.5 Calculate the initial strain level using the followingequation which includes compensation for increased horizontaldiameter with increasing deflection.eT5428t!D!SDm1D2D2where:eT= initial strain, %,t = average wall thickness at bottom, in. (mm),D = average deflection, in. (mm),Dm= mean
30、diameter, in. (mm) D+t,andD= average inside pipe diameeter, free state, in. (mm).NOTE 9The calculation assumes that the neutral axis is at the pipewall midpoint. For pipe wall constructions that produce an altered neutralaxis position, it may be necessary to evaluate results substituting 2 y fort.(y
31、 is the distance from the inside pipe surface to the neutral axis.)Neutral axis position must be determined with strain gage couples. Seealso Note 11.9.2.2 Procedure B:9.2.2.1 Carefully align and attach three strain gages on theinside bottom surface of the pipe specimen in the circumfer-ential direc
32、tion to measure initial circumferential strains. Placethe gages perpendicular to the pipe axis as follows: one in themiddle and the other two at the quarter points along the invertof the specimen.The adhesive used to attach the gages shall notcover more than 37 % of the pipe specimen length along th
33、einvert. Zero-in the gages while the pipe is circular in shape.NOTE 10It is recommended that the pipe specimen be placed with itsaxis vertical to maintain roundness when the bridge is balanced to “zero”the instrument.9.2.2.2 After installing the strain gages, place the specimenin the test apparatus
34、(see Fig. 1) with the strain gages at thebottom. Extreme care should be taken to ensure that the gagesare located at the point of maximum strain (6 oclock position).NOTE 11Alignment of the specimen within the channels is critical.The channels must not only be parallel with the load points 180 opposi
35、te,but the pipe must be centered between the rods.9.2.2.3 Apply force to the apparatus to deflect the specimenwhile keeping the top and bottom plates (channels) of theapparatus as parallel as possible. When the desired strain levelis reached, lock the apparatus to maintain the specimen in thedeflect
36、ed condition. Read the gages as soon as the apparatus islocked. Initial strain should be recorded within 2 min afterlocking the apparatus.At least two gages shall read within 5 %of each other for a valid experiment. If any gage reads morethan 5 % from the average of the other two gages, disregard th
37、eindication unless thickness verification implies the strain gagereading was accurate. Average the valid gage indications, andrecord as initial (indicated) strain. In addition, measure andrecord the deflection.9.3 When using ProcedureA, verify the strain level by usingstrain gages as described in Pr
38、ocedure B for at least onespecimen in every nine. Conversely, when using Procedure B,verify the strain level by measurement and calculation asdescribed in Procedure A for at least one specimen in everynine. If the calculated strain and the indicated strain do not varymore than 10 %, consider the str
39、ain levels accurate withinnormal experimental error.NOTE 12Deflections in excess of 28 % of diameter may cause localflattening of the pipe and lead to erratic strain distribution. For deflectionsapproaching 28 % improved accuracy is obtained by use of strain gages orby establishing, for a typical pi
40、pe, a calibration of deflection versusmeasured strain. This calibration technique is also useful at all deflectionlevels as a check of the calculations by 9.2.1.5 which assumes neutral axisat pipe wall midpoint.9.4 After the initial strain is obtained using Procedure A orB, install chemically inert
41、dams using a flexible sealant so thatonly the interior surface of the pipe will be exposed to the testenvironment. The dams shall not add support to the pipespecimen.9.5 Place the apparatus containing the specimen in a chemi-cally resistant trough or pan and introduce the test solution.Thesolution s
42、hould be added within 30 min of locking theapparatus and the time should be recorded from the addition ofthe solution.NOTE 13Caution: Since the failure mode could be catastrophic,precautions should be taken to contain any sudden leakage that may occur.The use of spacers (such as, wooden blocks) unde
43、r the apparatus issuggested to reduce attack of the apparatus after failure of the sample.9.6 Periodically check and maintain the test solution within65 % of the specified strength or concentration for theduration of the test. Maintain the level at a depth of not lessthan 1 in. (25.4 mm) during the
44、period of the test.NOTE 14As some solutions become more concentrated with theevaporation of water, care must be exercised in replenishment to preventa build-up in strength. It may be necessary, with some reagents, toperiodically clean the deflected specimen and replace the test solution witha fresh
45、mixture. The use of plastic film, cut carefully to fit between thedams and floated on the top of the test solution, has been found helpful inreducing evaporation.9.7 Record the following data:9.7.1 Average pipe wall thickness,9.7.2 Average inside pipe diameter before deflection,9.7.3 Average inside
46、pipe diameter after deflection,9.7.4 Percent deflection,9.7.5 Initial strain and method of determination,9.7.6 Type, location, and time of any distress of the pipewall, and9.7.7 Time to end point. Times are measured from theaddition of solution.9.8 To determine the regression line and the lower conf
47、i-dence level for the report, a minimum of 18 samples isrequired. Distribution of data points should be as follows:Hours Failure Points10 to 1000 at least 41000 to 6000 at least 3After 6000 at least 3After 10 000 at least 1D 3681 0639.9 Perform inspection of the test samples as follows:Hours Inspect
48、 at Least10 to 20 every 1 h20 to 40 every 2 h40 to 60 every 4 h60 to 100 every 8 h100 to 600 every 24 h600 to 6000 every 48 hAfter 6000 every weekRecord the time to end point for each specimen.NOTE 15The use of electronic timers is considered highly desirable inmonitoring failure time particularly o
49、n short term tests.9.10 Analyze the test results by using for each specimen, thelogarithm of the strain in percent and the logarithm of thetime-to-failure in hours as described in Annex A1. Calculatethe strain at 50 years (YL).9.11 Those specimens that have not failed after more than10 000 h may be included as failures to establish the regres-sion line. Use of these data points may result in a lower orhigher extrapolated strain. In either case the requirements of9.14 must be satisfied.NOTE 16Nonfailed specimens may be left under test an
