1、Designation: D3699 08D3699 13Standard Specification forKerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、 the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers two grades of kerosine suitable for use in critical kerosi
3、ne burner applications:1.1.1 No. 1-KAspecial low-sulfur grade kerosine suitable for use in nonflue-connected kerosine burner appliances and for usein wick-fed illuminating lamps.1.1.2 No. 2-KA regular grade kerosine suitable for use in flue-connected burner appliances and for use in wick-fedillumina
4、ting lamps.1.2 This specification is intended for use in purchasing, as a reference for industry and governmental standardization, and asa source of technical information.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the requiredpro
5、perties of kerosine at the time and place of custody transfer.NOTE 1The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of kerosines. For more information on the subject,see Guide D4865.1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state
6、, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Di
7、stillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)D187 Test Method for Burning Quality of KerosineD445 Test Method for K
8、inematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluoresce
9、nce SpectrometryD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (PotentiometricMethod)D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup
10、 TesterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solv
11、ents (Doctor Test)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the d
12、irect responsibility of Subcommittee D02.E0 onBurner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008May 1, 2013. Published September 2008May 2013. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 asD3699D3699 08.07. DOI: 10.1520/D3699
13、-08.10.1520/D3699-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard an
14、d is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only
15、the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5901 Test Method for F
16、reezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automated Optical Method) (Withdrawn 2010)3D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD7220 Test Method for Sulfur inAutomotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by
17、Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometry2.2 Energy Institute Standard:4IP 10 Burning Test24 Hour, Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products, Vol 12.3 Other Documents:526 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye, Color, and Concentration3. Genera
18、l Requirements3.1 Kerosine shall be a refined petroleum distillate consisting of a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons essentially free ofwater, inorganic acidic or basic compounds, and excessive amounts of particulate contaminants.Additive usage can be establishedby mutual agreement of the supplier
19、 and the purchaser.4. Detailed Requirements4.1 The kerosine shall conform to the detailed requirements prescribed in Table 1.4.2 The kerosine shall conform to the following requirements when tested for burning quality as specified:4.2.1 Time of BurningA minimum of 16 h continuous burning after the f
20、irst weighing shall be required.4.2.2 Rate of BurningAfter the first weighing, the rate of burning shall be 18 to 26 g/h with Test Method IP 10.4.2.3 Appearance of Chimney at End of TestsThe chimney shall have no more than a light, white deposit.4.2.4 Flame Characteristics at End of TestAt the end o
21、f test, the width of the flame shall not vary by more than 6 mm, andthe height of the flame shall not have lowered by more than 5 mm from the respective measurements recorded at the start of thetest.NOTE 2The significance of ASTM specifications for kerosine is discussed in Appendix X1.5. Test Method
22、s5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with the following ASTM methodsexcept as noted.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K.
23、5 Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for KerosineProperty ASTMTest Method LimitAFlash Point C, min D56 38Distillation temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 205Final boiling point, max 300Kinematic vis
24、cosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.0max 1.9Sulfur, % mass D1266No. 1-K, max 0.04No. 2-K, max 0.30Mercaptan sulfur, % mass, maxB D3227 0.003Copper strip corrosion rating max,3 h at 100CD130 No. 3Freezing point, C, max D2386 30Burn QualityTime of Burning D187 Minimum 16 h continuous after first weighingRa
25、te of Burning IP 10 18 to 26 g/h after first weighingChimney Appearance D187 Maximum light white deposit (at end of test)Flame Characteristics(comparison of properties from beginningand end of test)D187 Maximum variance of flame width 6 mmMaximum variance of flame height lowered 5 mmSaybolt color, m
26、in D156 +16CA To meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements, except sulfur, can be agreed upon among purchaser, seller and manufacturer.B The Mercaptan sulfur determination can be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by Test Method D4952.C Appendixes X1.1
27、and X1.12 contain additional information on color, red dye, and potential application problems.D3699 1325.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D56, except where other methods are prescribed by law. Test Method D3828 may be used asan alternate with the same limits. In case of a dispute, Test Method D56 shall b
28、e used as the referee method.5.1.2 DistillationDistillation shall be determined in accordance with Test Methods D86 or D2887. Results from Test MethodD2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results by application of the correlation in Appendix X5 of Test Method D2887 toconvert the values. In case
29、 of dispute, Test Method D86 shall be used as the referee test method.65.1.3 ViscosityTest Method D445.5.1.4 SulfurTest Method D1266. Test Methods D2622, D4294, or D5453 canmay also be used. Alternatively, Test MethodD7220 may be used if the sulfur result is less than 942 mg/kg or 0.094 mass %. In c
30、ase of a dispute, Test Method D1266 is thereferee sulfur test method for this specification.5.1.5 Mercaptan SulfurTest Method D3227.5.1.6 Copper Strip CorrosionTest Method D130, 3 h test at 100C.5.1.7 Freezing PointTest Method D2386.Automatic Test Methods D5901 and D5972 can be used as alternates wi
31、th the samelimits. In case of a dispute, Test Method D2386 shall be used as referee.5.1.8 Burning QualityTest Method D187.5.1.9 Saybolt ColorTest Method D156.6. Keywords6.1 fuel oil; kerosine; petroleum and petroleum productsAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIO
32、NS FOR KEROSINEX1.1 ColorAn indication of the overall purity of the product, and is a useful parameter in ensuring the freedom from tracecontamination with heavier products which may render the kerosine to be unsuitable for designated critical applications. Kerosinethat is subjected to long term sto
33、rage, excessive heat, or both, particularly in summer storage in above ground tanks, can becomeunsuitable for use due to degradation and associated loss of Saybolt Color quality. Some contaminants can adversely affect theperformance of kerosine, particularly in wick-fed, unvented applications like 1
34、-K space heaters. Detection of these contaminantsmay require additional testing, such as sulfur content or distillation. Unless gross contamination is present, these tests may notreadily identify the presence of contamination.X1.1.1 Red DyeKerosine sold exempt from federal motor fuel excise tax sold
35、 from terminals may contain the dye Solvent Red164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per 1000 barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26, where requiredin the United States ofAmerica (for example, by 26 CFR Part 48). If clear, undyed fuel is desired for tax-exempt applications
36、, theInternal Revenue Service has provided other options, such as blocked pumps, for consideration. The addition of red dye makesit more difficult to detect contamination by visual inspection. Kerosine subjected to dying must meet the minimum Saybolt Colorof +16 prior to the introduction of red dye.
37、X1.2 Mercaptan SulfurMercaptans are limited to preclude undesirable side-reactions and to minimize the unpleasant odor.X1.3 Doctor TestThe doctor test is an indirect indication of Mercaptan levels.X1.4 SulfurLimited sulfur content of kerosine may be required for special uses or to meet legal require
38、ments for sulfur dioxideemissions.X1.5 Distillation An indication of the volatility of a fuel. The maximum 10 % and final boiling point limits specified establisha suitable boiling range to readily vaporize the kerosine in normal applications.6 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International H
39、eadquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1553.D3699 133X1.6 Flash PointThe flash point of kerosine is used primarily as an index of fire hazards. The minimum permissible flash pointis usually regulated by federal, state, or municipal laws and is based on accepted practice
40、 in handling and use.X1.7 Freezing PointThe temperature at which crystals of hydrocarbons formed on cooling disappear when the temperature ofthe fuel is allowed to rise. The waxy crystals may clog the wick in wick-fed systems and can block filter passages in fuel handlingsystems.X1.8 Viscosity The m
41、easure of internal resistance to flow, and an indication of flowability and lubricity.X1.9 Burning QualityAn indication of the kerosine performance in critical applications. The inherent burning quality potentialof the bulk fuel, as determined by conventional parameters such as smoke point, luminome
42、ter number, or hydrogen content, cannotalways be fully realized due to the adverse overriding effect of trace quantities of certain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen compoundsthat can be present in some kerosines. Thus, the burning quality of kerosine must be evaluated by designation of a suitablebench-ty
43、pe burning test.X1.9.1 Burning tests are essentially performance tests and are a direct method for determining the quality of the kerosines for thespecific purpose for which they are intended. However, it is not possible to make tests in all kinds of commercial equipment, orunder all the combination
44、s of such factors as location, time, temperature, humidity, air currents, and cleanliness. These difficultiesare partially overcome by selecting equipment for the burning test that is known to be severe (Test Method D187), and byextending the test beyond the typical time interval between cleanings o
45、f the lamp in its usual service.X1.9.2 The most important features in Test Method D187 are the shape and size of the flame. Changes in flame size or shape aregenerally caused by changes in the portion of the wick adjacent to the flame. Some wick crusts are bushy and increase flame size;others tend t
46、o enclose the surface of the wick and cause flame shrinkage. The worst type of deposit is an irregular one, sometimeslocalized as mushroom formations, that produces a distorted flame and usually causes smoking, which is quite objectionable to theuser.X1.9.3 The condition of the chimney at the end of
47、 the burning test is also important. Illuminating kerosine should not causeobjectionable smoke deposit on the chimney.An appreciable black sooty deposit is obviously objectionable, but the operator mustalways assure himself that it is not caused by drafts or improper testing techniques. A heavy whit
48、ish deposit nearly always formswhen a new chimney is put into service.X1.10 Corrosion An indication of the tendency to corrode copper and copper-alloy components that may be present in thekerosine handling and burner systems.X1.11 Microbial ContaminationRefer to Guide D6469 for a discussion of this
49、form of contamination.X1.12 Potential Application ConcernsX1.12.1 Red DyeIt is recommended that 1-K kerosine used in unvented, wick-fed applications like space heaters be clear andundyed. Red dye can mask the presence of contaminants like diesel. Some of these contaminants may adversely affect theperformance of unvented, wick-fed space heaters. Elevated sulfur content, higher aromatics, and olefin content, associated withdiesel contamination, are known to increase performance problems with wick-fed, unvented applications and can be detr
