1、Designation: D3699 13b1Standard Specification forKerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the y
2、ear of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTESubsection X1.1.1 was corrected editorially in February 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This specification
3、covers two grades of kerosine suitablefor use in critical kerosine burner applications:1.1.1 No. 1-KA special low-sulfur grade kerosine suitablefor use in nonflue-connected kerosine burner appliances andfor use in wick-fed illuminating lamps.1.1.2 No. 2-KA regular grade kerosine suitable for use inf
4、lue-connected burner appliances and for use in wick-fedilluminating lamps.1.2 This specification is intended for use in purchasing, as areference for industry and governmental standardization, andas a source of technical information.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agree-ment bet
5、ween the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes therequired properties of kerosine at the time and place of custodytransfer.NOTE 1The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of kerosines. For more information on thesubject, see Guide D4865.1.4 Nothing in t
6、his specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for F
7、lash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products(Saybolt Chromometer Method)D187 Test Meth
8、od for Burning Quality of KerosineD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petr
9、oleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur inGasoline, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels(Potentiometric Method)D3828
10、Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD4952 Test Method for Qualitativ
11、e Analysis for ActiveSulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5901 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automated O
12、ptical Method) (Withdrawn 2010)3D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels(Automatic Phase Transition Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystems1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubrica
13、nts and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and MarineFuels.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3699 13a. DOI:10.1520/D3699-13BE01.2For refe
14、renced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced o
15、nwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterD7220 Test Method for
16、 Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, andJet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-rayFluorescence Spectrometry2.2 Energy Institute Standard:4IP 10 Burning Test24 Hour, Standard Methods for Analy-sis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products, Vol 12.3 Other Documents:526 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel E
17、xcise Tax; Dye, Color, andConcentration3. General Requirements3.1 Kerosine shall be a refined petroleum distillate consist-ing of a homogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons essentially freeof water, inorganic acidic or basic compounds, and excessiveamounts of particulate contaminants. Additive usage can
18、beestablished by mutual agreement of the supplier and thepurchaser.4. Detailed Requirements4.1 The kerosine shall conform to the detailed requirementsprescribed in Table 1.4.2 The kerosine shall conform to the following require-ments when tested for burning quality as specified:4.2.1 Time of Burning
19、A minimum of 16 h continuousburning after the first weighing shall be required.4.2.2 Rate of BurningAfter the first weighing, the rate ofburning shall be 18 to 26 g/h with Test Method IP 10.4.2.3 Appearance of Chimney at End of TestsThe chimneyshall have no more than a light, white deposit.4.2.4 Fla
20、me Characteristics at End of TestAt the end oftest, the width of the flame shall not vary by more than 6 mm,and the height of the flame shall not have lowered by more than5 mm from the respective measurements recorded at the start ofthe test.NOTE 2The significance of ASTM specifications for kerosine
21、 isdiscussed in Appendix X1.5. Test Methods5.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-ods except as noted.5.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D56, except where othermethods are prescribed by law. Test Method D3828 and D7094may be used
22、 as an alternative with the same limits. In case ofa dispute, Test Method D56 shall be used as the refereemethod.5.1.2 DistillationDistillation shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Methods D86 or D2887. Results from TestMethod D2887 shall be reported as “Predicted D86” results byapplication
23、of the correlation in Appendix X5 of Test MethodD2887 to convert the values. In case of dispute, Test MethodD86 shall be used as the referee test method.65.1.3 ViscosityTest Method D445.5.1.4 SulfurTest Method D2622. Test Methods D1266,D4294,orD5453 may also be used.Alternatively, Test MethodD7220 m
24、ay be used if the sulfur result is less than 942 mg/kgor 0.094 mass %. In case of a dispute, Test Method D2622 isthe referee sulfur test method for this specification.4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K.5Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Governm
25、ent PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1553.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for KerosinePropertyASTMTest MethodLimitAFlash Point C, min D56 38Distillation temperature, C D8610
26、% volume recovered, max 205Final boiling point, max 300Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.0max 1.9Sulfur, % mass D2622No. 1-K, max 0.04No. 2-K, max 0.30Mercaptan sulfur, % mass, maxBD3227 0.003Copper strip corrosion rating max,3 h at 100CD130 No. 3Freezing point, C, max D2386 30Burn Quality
27、Time of Burning D187 Minimum 16 h continuous after first weighingRate of Burning IP 10 18 to 26 g/h after first weighingChimney Appearance D187 Maximum light white deposit (at end of test)Flame Characteristics(comparison of properties from beginningand end of test)D187 Maximum variance of flame widt
28、h6mmMaximum variance of flame height lowered5mmSaybolt color, min D156 +16CATo meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements, except sulfur, can be agreed upon among purchaser, seller and manufacturer.BThe Mercaptan sulfur determination can be waived if the fue
29、l is considered sweet by Test Method D4952.CAppendixes X1.1 and X1.12 contain additional information on color, red dye, and potential application problems.D3699 13b125.1.5 Mercaptan SulfurTest Method D3227.5.1.6 Copper Strip CorrosionTest Method D130, 3 h testat 100C.5.1.7 Freezing PointTest Method
30、D2386. Automatic TestMethods D5901 and D5972 can be used as alternates with thesame limits. In case of a dispute, Test Method D2386 shall beused as referee.5.1.8 Burning QualityTest Method D187.5.1.9 Saybolt ColorTest Method D156.6. Keywords6.1 fuel oil; kerosine; petroleum and petroleum productsAPP
31、ENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR KEROSINEX1.1 ColorAn indication of the overall purity of theproduct, and is a useful parameter in ensuring the freedomfrom trace contamination with heavier products which mayrender the kerosine to be unsuitable for design
32、ated criticalapplications. Kerosine that is subjected to long term storage,excessive heat, or both, particularly in summer storage inabove ground tanks, can become unsuitable for use due todegradation and associated loss of Saybolt Color quality. Somecontaminants can adversely affect the performance
33、 of kerosine,particularly in wick-fed, unvented applications like 1-K spaceheaters. Detection of these contaminants may require addi-tional testing, such as sulfur content or distillation. Unlessgross contamination is present, these tests may not readilyidentify the presence of contamination.X1.1.1
34、Red DyeKerosine sold exempt from federal motorfuel excise tax sold from terminals may contain the dye SolventRed 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to at least 3.9lb of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 164 per thousandbarrels of kerosine, where required in the United States ofAmerica (fo
35、r example, by 26 CFR Part 48). If clear, undyedfuel is desired for tax-exempt applications, the Internal Rev-enue Service has provided other options, such as blockedpumps, for consideration. The addition of red dye makes itmore difficult to detect contamination by visual inspection.Kerosine subjecte
36、d to dying must meet the minimum SayboltColor of +16 prior to the introduction of red dye.X1.2 Mercaptan SulfurMercaptans are limited to pre-clude undesirable side-reactions and to minimize the unpleas-ant odor.X1.3 Doctor TestThe doctor test is an indirect indicationof Mercaptan levels.X1.4 SulfurL
37、imited sulfur content of kerosine may berequired for special uses or to meet legal requirements forsulfur dioxide emissions.X1.5 Distillation An indication of the volatility of a fuel.The maximum 10 % and final boiling point limits specifiedestablish a suitable boiling range to readily vaporize thek
38、erosine in normal applications.X1.6 Flash PointThe flash point of kerosine is usedprimarily as an index of fire hazards. The minimum permis-sible flash point is usually regulated by federal, state, ormunicipal laws and is based on accepted practice in handlingand use.X1.7 Freezing PointThe temperatu
39、re at which crystals ofhydrocarbons formed on cooling disappear when the tempera-ture of the fuel is allowed to rise. The waxy crystals may clogthe wick in wick-fed systems and can block filter passages infuel handling systems.X1.8 Viscosity The measure of internal resistance to flow,and an indicati
40、on of flowability and lubricity.X1.9 Burning QualityAn indication of the kerosine per-formance in critical applications. The inherent burning qualitypotential of the bulk fuel, as determined by conventionalparameters such as smoke point, luminometer number, orhydrogen content, cannot always be fully
41、 realized due to theadverse overriding effect of trace quantities of certain sulfur,oxygen, or nitrogen compounds that can be present in somekerosines. Thus, the burning quality of kerosine must beevaluated by designation of a suitable bench-type burning test.X1.9.1 Burning tests are essentially per
42、formance tests andare a direct method for determining the quality of the kerosinesfor the specific purpose for which they are intended. However,it is not possible to make tests in all kinds of commercialequipment, or under all the combinations of such factors aslocation, time, temperature, humidity,
43、 air currents, and clean-liness. These difficulties are partially overcome by selectingequipment for the burning test that is known to be severe (TestMethod D187), and by extending the test beyond the typicaltime interval between cleanings of the lamp in its usual service.X1.9.2 The most important f
44、eatures in Test Method D187are the shape and size of the flame. Changes in flame size orshape are generally caused by changes in the portion of thewick adjacent to the flame. Some wick crusts are bushy andincrease flame size; others tend to enclose the surface of thewick and cause flame shrinkage. T
45、he worst type of deposit is anirregular one, sometimes localized as mushroom formations,that produces a distorted flame and usually causes smoking,which is quite objectionable to the user.X1.9.3 The condition of the chimney at the end of theburning test is also important. Illuminating kerosine shoul
46、d notD3699 13b13cause objectionable smoke deposit on the chimney. An appre-ciable black sooty deposit is obviously objectionable, but theoperator must always assure himself that it is not caused bydrafts or improper testing techniques. A heavy whitish depositnearly always forms when a new chimney is
47、 put into service.X1.10 Corrosion An indication of the tendency to cor-rode copper and copper-alloy components that may be presentin the kerosine handling and burner systems.X1.11 Microbial ContaminationRefer to Guide D6469for a discussion of this form of contamination.X1.12 Potential Application Co
48、ncernsX1.12.1 Red DyeIt is recommended that 1-K kerosineused in unvented, wick-fed applications like space heaters beclear and undyed. Red dye can mask the presence of contami-nants like diesel. Some of these contaminants may adverselyaffect the performance of unvented, wick-fed space heaters.Elevat
49、ed sulfur content, higher aromatics, and olefin content,associated with diesel contamination, are known to increaseperformance problems with wick-fed, unvented applicationsand can be detrimental to health. Additionally, insufficienthealth testing on red-dyed 1-K for use in unvented, wick-fedapplications, like 1-K space heaters, has also resulted in arecommendation for the exclusion of red-dyed 1-K usage atthis time. Once additional testing is conducted, a review will bemade and reconsideration given to red-dyed 1-K.X1.12.2 Other Additiv
