1、Designation: D3822/D3822M 14Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3822/D3822M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensileproperties of natural and man-made single textile fibers ofsufficient length
3、to permit mounting test specimens in a tensiletesting machine.1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (fila-ment) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken fromyarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or ifthe tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, cri
4、mping, ortexturing process, the tensile properties are determined afterremoval of the crimp.NOTE 1Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in thistest method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that isdiscontinued.1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchange-ably
5、throughout this test method.1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removedfrom yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. Itshould be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processescan influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers.Consequently, tensile properties determi
6、ned on fibers takenfrom yarns, or from yarns that have been processed intofabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to beingsubjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.1.5 This test method provides directions for measuring thebreaking force and elongation at break of single te
7、xtile fibersand for calculating breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chordmodulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specifiedelongation, and breaking toughness.1.6 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of bothconditioned and wet single fibers are included. The test methodis applicable to
8、testing under a wide range of conditions.1.7 As the length of the test specimen decreases, the tensilestrength is likely to increase, but the accuracy of the tensileproperties determined may decrease, which may require theneed to increase the number of test specimens. This isparticularly true for th
9、ose properties dependent on the mea-surement of elongation, since the shorter lengths increase therelative effect of slippage and stretching of the test specimenswithin the jaws of either clamp.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The
10、 values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
11、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 T
12、erminology Relating to TextilesD629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2101 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Man-Made Textile Fibers Taken From Yarns and Tows (With-
13、drawn 1995)3D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and FibersE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns an
14、dFibers, refer to Terminology D4849.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:breaking force, breaking tenacity, breaking toughness, chord1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fib
15、ers.Current edition approved May 15, 2014. Published June 2014. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3822 07. DOI:10.1520/D3822_D3822M-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
16、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Unite
17、d States1modulus, corresponding elongation, corresponding force,elongation, elongation at break, elongation at specified force,fiber, filament, filament yarn, force at specified elongation,initial modulus, linear density, secant modulus, tangentmodulus, tenacity, tow, yield point.3.2 For all other t
18、erminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Single-fiber specimens are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine at a predeter-mined gauge length and rate of extension. Using the force-extension curve, the breaking force and e
19、longation at break aredetermined. The force-elongation curve and linear density areused to calculate breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chordmodulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specifiedelongation, and breaking toughness.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens havi
20、ng gaugelengths of 10 mm 0.4 in. or greater is considered satisfactoryfor acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the testmethod has been used extensively in the trade for acceptancetesting. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 wereobtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length o
21、f 25 mm1.0 in. and 250 mm 10 in. Natural fibers or fibers havinglesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different valuesand may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using Test Method D3822 foracceptance testing
22、 of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competentstatistical assistance is recommended for the investigation ofbias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecime
23、ns which are as homogeneous as possible and whichare from a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired da
24、ta and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results for thatmaterial in view of test results with consideration to the k
25、nownbias.5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breakingforce and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamentalproperties that are widely used to establish limitations on fiberprocessing or conversion and on their end-use applications.Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance o
26、f the fiber toextension at forces below the yield point. The tangent modulusand tensile stress at specified elongation may be used todifferentiate between the probable performance of fibers inprocessing and end-use performance. The breaking toughnessis an indication of the durability of materials pr
27、oduced from thefiber.5.3 It is recognized that computerized results are usedextensively in the industry. When comparing results from twolaboratories using computerized tensile testers, the algorithmsused to derive results must be examined for parity, that is, howthe maximum slope and specimen failur
28、e or rupture aredetermined.5.4 The breaking strength of wet fibers tested in air may bedifferent from wet fibers tested while immersed.5.4.1 Tests on wet specimens are usually made only onfibers which show a loss in breaking force when wet or whenexposed to high humidity, for example, yarns made fro
29、mTABLE 1 Fiber Tensile Properties Using a 25.4 mm 1 in. GaugeLength Critical Differences for the Conditions NotedAProperties, Limitsof Measureand MaterialsNumber ofObservationsin EachAverageSingle-OperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecisionBetweenLaboratoryPrecisionBreaking Tenacity, mN/tex:Acetate
30、1 1.7 1.8 2.410 0.5 0.8 1.820 0.4 0.7 1.840 0.3 0.6 1.8Aramid 1 137.8 137.8 137.810 43.5 43.5 43.520 30.8 30.8 30.840 21.8 21.8 21.8Nylon 1 7.6 7.6 8.010 2.4 2.6 3.620 1.7 2.1 3.140 1.2 1.7 2.9Polyester 1 5.2 5.2 5.610 1.7 1.7 2.720 1.2 1.2 2.540 0.8 0.8 2.4Initial Modulus Mn/tex:Acetate 1 71.8 108.
31、0 163.210 22.7 83.8 148.320 16.1 82.3 147.440 11.4 81.5 147.0Aramid 1 2610 2783 360010 826 1270 261320 583 1129 254740 413 1050 2513Nylon 1 61.4 83.1 152.410 19.4 59.2 140.820 13.7 57.7 140.140 9.7 56.8 139.8Polyester 1 214.2 279.7 382.410 67.8 209.4 323.920 47.9 186.2 320.340 33.8 183.1 318.5Elonga
32、tion at Break, %Acetate 1 7.29 7.65 8.6410 2.3 3.28 5.1820 1.63 2.84 4.9240 1.15 2.6 4.78Aramid 1 1.25 1.25 1.5310 0.39 0.39 0.9720 0.28 0.28 0.9340 0.2 0.2 0.91Nylon 1 17.93 18.36 22.4310 5.67 6.92 14.6320 4.01 5.64 14.0140 2.84 4.87 13.78Polyester 1 14.97 15.09 17.8210 4.73 5.1 10.7620 3.35 3.85 1
33、0.2340 2.37 3.04 9.95AThe critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinitedegrees of freedom.D3822/D3822M 142animal fibers and man-made fibers based on regenerated andmodified cellulose. Wet tests are made on flax fiber to detectadulteration by failure to show a gain
34、in breaking force.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Type Tensile TestingMachine, conforming to Specification D76, having adequateresponse characteristics to properly record the characteristicsof the force-elongation curve, or the stress-strain curve of thefibers under tes
35、t at the rate of extension specified in Table 3.The capacity of the machine must be selected for the break onthe recorded curve to fall within 20 to 90 % of full scale,preferably within 50 to 90 % of full scale. It is permissible touse tensile testing machines that have a means of calculatingand dis
36、playing the required results without the use of anautographic recorder. The tensile testing machine must beequipped with a tank to provide for breaking fibers immersedin a liquid, if tests on wet immersed specimens are required.NOTE 2Special force-measuring systems may be used to directlyrecord the
37、tenacity in mN/tex.6.2 Clamps, with flat jaws for gripping the fiber specimensand designed to minimize slippage in the clamps during thetest,6.2.1 Tabs, when required, of thin plastic or other materialfor use with cementing techniques (See Annex A1); and6.2.2 Cement or AdhesiveThe adhesive must be c
38、apableof binding the tabs to the fibers without affecting the moisturecontent of the specimen.NOTE 3For wet testing, the tabs and adhesive must be waterproof.6.3 Container, separate from the testing machine for wettingout specimens to be tested without immersion.6.4 Auxiliary EquipmentThe testing ma
39、chine may beequipped with auxiliary equipment to permit the automaticrecording of data or the calculation of any required tensileproperty. The auxiliary equipment must be capable of record-ing data and performing calculations in a manner consistentwith the definitions and instructions for calculatio
40、ns as de-scribed in this test method.6.5 Area-Measuring DeviceAn integrating accessory tothe tensile testing machine or a planimeter. The device shallmeasure area with an accuracy of 61%.6.6 Jig, to aid in accurately mounting test specimens on tabsat the specified gauge length.6.7 Distilled or Deion
41、ized Water, for use in wet specimentesting.6.8 Wetting Agent, NonionicFor wet specimen testing, forexample, Triton X-1004to make 0.1 % aqueous solution usingwater described in 6.7.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SamplingAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping containers direc
42、ted inthe applicable material specification or other agreement be-tween the purchaser and supplier, such as an agreement to use4Triton-X 100 is a registered trademark of Rohm 3.0 deniermedium tenacity, low modulus nylon; 5.0 denier mediumtenacity, high modulus polyester; and 1.5 denier high tenacity
43、,high modulus aramid.14.2 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported inTables 4 and 5, two averages of observed values should beconsidered significantly different at the 95 % probability levelif the difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listedin Tables 4 and 5, respectively.NOT
44、E 7The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made abouttwo specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, betweenthem must be establis
45、hed, with each comparison being based on recentdata obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material to the type beingevaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and thenrandomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.14.3 BiasThe values of the tenacity, initial modulus,
46、 andelongation at break can only be defined in terms of a specifictest method. Within this limitation, the procedures in TestMethod D3822 for measuring these properties has no knownbias.15. Keywords15.1 tension (tensile) properties/tests; textile fiberANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. TABBING TECHNI
47、QUE FOR FIBERA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 Due to the inherent nature of some fibers, a means isrequired to protect or cushion the ends of the fiber that lay inthe clamp to minimize clamp breaks. The procedure describedbelow has been used successfully to minimize the occurrenceof jaw breaks.A1.2 Summary of Tabbi
48、ng TechniqueA1.2.1 A single fiber is secured to a cardboard substrate bymeans of an epoxy resin. This assembly is placed centrally inthe clamps of a tensile tester. Cardboard material is removedfrom the assembly in the gauge area without making contactwith the fiber.A1.3 MaterialsA1.3.1 Poster Board
49、, or equivalent.A1.3.1.1 The colors of the board and cardboard (A1.3.2)should contrast and be different from the color of the fiber forease of viewing.5ASTM Research Report No. RR:D13-1088. A copy is available from ASTMHeadquarters.TABLE 5 Fiber Tensile Properties Using a 254 mm 10 in. GaugeLength Components of Variance Expressed as StandardDeviationsAProperties, Limitsof Measureand MaterialsGrandAverageSingle-OperatorComponentWithin-LaboratoryComponentBetween-LaboratoryComponentBreaking Tenacity, gf/texAcetate 1.25 0.07 0.03 0.03Aramid 21.61 3.15 1.12 1.01Nyl
