1、Designation: D 3827 92 (Reapproved 2007)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEstimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and OtherOrganic Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3827; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigi
2、nal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating theequilibri
3、um solubility of several common gases in petroleumand synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperaturesbetween 0 and 488 K.1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarityand hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause seriousdeviations from regularity. Specifically excluded
4、 are suchgases as HCl, NH3, and SO2, and hydroxy liquids such asalcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO2in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded.1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenyleneethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which pointthe estimat
5、e for nitrogen solubility is 43 % higher than theobservation.1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method tothe extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to thelubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from thelubricant estimates by a further set of empirical facto
6、rs, and areless accurate. Estimates for halogenated solvents are made as ifthey were hydrocarbons, and are the least accurate of the three.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to add
7、ress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1218 Test M
8、ethod for Refractive Index and RefractiveDispersion of Hydrocarbon LiquidsD 1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum MeasurementTablesD 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 2502 Test Method f
9、or Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-mentsD 2503 Test Method for Relative Molecular Mass (Molecu-lar Weight) of Hydrocarbons by Thermoelectric Measure-ment of Vapor Pressure3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Bunsen coeffcientthe solubility of a gas
10、, expressedas the gas volume reduced to 273 K (32F) and 0.10 MPa (1atm), dissolved by one volume of liquid at the specifiedtemperature and 0.10 MPa.3.1.2 Ostwald coeffcientthe solubility of a gas, expressedas the volume of gas dissolved per volume of liquid when bothare in equilibrium at the specifi
11、ed partial pressure of gas and atthe specified temperature.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 distillate fuela petroleum product having a molecu-lar weight below 300 g/mol.3.2.2 halogenated solventa partially or fully halogenatedhydrocarbon having a molar volume below 300 mL/mo
12、l.3.2.3 solubility parameterthe square root of the internalenergy change (heat absorbed minus work done) of vaporiza-tion per unit volume of liquid, at 298 K.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFor gases in Table 1, the liquid ishypothetical and the values were calculated from actual solu-bility data.3.3 Symbols:1Thi
13、s test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.11 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids.Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1979
14、. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 3827 92 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.
15、1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.B = Bunsen coefficient at the specified condition,r = density of liquid at 288 K (60F), g/mL,rt= density of liquid at specified temperature, g/mL,G = solubility in mg/k,H = Henrys law c
16、onstant, MPa,M1= molecular weight of liquid, g/mol,M2= molecular weight of gas, g/mol,nD= refractive index of liquid, sodium D-line at 298 K,p = partial pressure of gas, MPa,pv= vapor pressure of liquid, MPa,T = specified temperature, K,L = Ostwald coefficient at T,X = mole fraction of gas in equili
17、brium solution,d1= solubility parameter of liquid, (MPa)12 ,d2= equivalent solubility parameter of gas, (MPa)12 , andfi= volume fraction of component i in a mixture ofliquids.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The solubility of gases in petroleum and other organicliquids may be calculated from solubility
18、parameters of theliquid and gas.3The parameters are given for several classes ofsystems and their use illustrated. Alternative methods forestimation of solubility parameters are described.5. Significance and Use5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance inthe lubrication of gas compres
19、sors. It is believed to be asubstantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the suddenrelease of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or evencollapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gasdissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming onrelease of the pressure. In aviati
20、on oils and fuels, the differencein pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can causefoaming in storage vessels and interrupt flow to pumps.6. Procedure6.1 Obtain the value of d1for the liquid by the appropriateone of the following options:6.1.1 If the liquid is a nonhydrocarbon, obtain d1from
21、 Table2. If it is not listed there, and the structure is known, calculated1by the method of Fedors.46.1.2 If the liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetichydrocarbon, determine r by Test Method D 1218 or equiva-lent. If r is 0.885 g/mL or less, calculate d1as follows:d15 12.03r17.36 (1)6.1.3 If the
22、 liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetichydrocarbon with r = 0.886 g/mL or more, or a nonhydrocar-bon of unknown structure, determine nDby Test MethodD 1218, and calculate as follows:d15 8.63nD21 0.96 (2)NOTE 1Values of d1from Table 2 or r are accurate to 60.2 unit, butthose from nDmay be in erro
23、r by as much as 61.0 unit.6.1.4 For mixtures of liquids with solubility parameters da,fb. diin volume fractions fa,b. fi, calculate d1as follows:d15fada1fbdb. 1fidi(3)6.2 Obtain the value of d2from Table 1.6.3 Calculate the Ostwald coefficient for a lubricant asfollows:L 5 exp0.0395d12d2!22 2.66!1 2
24、 273/T! 2 0.303d12 0.024117.60 2d2!21 5.731 (4)6.4 Calculate the Ostwald coefficient for a distillate fuel orhalogenated solvent as in 6.3, then multiply by the fuel factorfrom Table 1.6.5 Calculate the Bunsen coefficient as follows:B 5 2697p 2 pv!L/T (5)NOTE 2For most lubricants, pvis less than 10
25、% of p and can beneglected. For fuels, solvents or oils contaminated with solvents and fuels,or at very high temperatures, pvis important.6.6 For mixtures of gases, calculate the individual Ostwaldcoefficients as in 6.3, calculate a Bunsen coefficient for eachand add them together.6.7 For hydrocarbo
26、n oils, obtain rtas follows:rt5r1 2 0.000595T 2 288.2!/r1.21! (6)NOTE 3The constants 0.000595 and 1.21 are an empirical approxi-mation of the calculations involved in Guide D 1250.6.8 For nonhydrocarbon liquids, obtain rtby one of thefollowing methods, listed in decreasing order of preference:6.8.1
27、Determine it directly, using Test Method D 1298 orequivalent.6.8.2 Obtain suitable data from the supplier of the liquids.6.8.3 Obtain r by one of the above, and adjust it as follows,using dd/dT from Table 2:rt5r2T 2 288.2!dr/dT (7)6.8.4 Obtain both r and dr/dT from Table 2 and combine asin 6.8.3.6.9
28、 Obtain M2from Table 1, and calculate the solubility inmg/kg:3Beerbower, A., “Estimating the Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and SyntheticLubricants,” ASLE Trans, Vol 23, 1980, p. 335.4Fedors, R. F., “A Method for Estimating Both the Solubility Parameters andMolar Volumes of Liquids,” Polymer Engin
29、eering and Science, Vol 14, 1974, p.147.TABLE 1 Solubility Parameters of Gaseous SolutesGas M2d2at 298 K Fuel FactorHe 4 3.35 1.27Ne 20 3.87 1.37H22 5.52 1.27N228 6.04 1.70Air 29 6.67 1.44CO 28 7.47 1.37O232 7.75 1.28Ar 40 7.71 1.37CH416 9.10 1.42Kr 84 10.34 1.37CO244 14.81 1.14D 3827 92 (2007)2G 5
30、44.6BM2/rt(8)NOTE 4The equation in 6.9 is based on the assumption that the liquidin definitions 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.3 has the same volume and density asthe oil. That is a good approximation, except for gases more soluble thanCH4. Furthermore, the laborious corrections required to render this morer
31、igorous are not justified in light of the precision shown in Section 7.6.10 Obtain the value of M1by the appropriate one of thefollowing options:6.10.1 For synthetic nonhydrocarbons, locate in Table 2 orcalculate directly.6.10.2 For refined petroleum or synthetic hydrocarbons,estimate M1by Test Meth
32、od D 2502.6.10.3 For nonhydrocarbons of unknown structure, deter-mine M1by Test Method D 2503. Despite the limitationsimplied in its scope, that method will serve this purpose.6.11 Calculate the solubility as mole fraction as follows:X 5 106GM1/M2(9)6.12 Calculate the Henrys law constant as follows:
33、H 5 p 2 pv!/X (10)7. Precision and Bias57.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test is not known tohave been obtained in accordance with currently acceptedguidelines (for example, in Committee D02 Research ReportRR:D02-1007, Manual on Determination of Precision Data forASTM Methods on Petroleum Products
34、 and Lubricants).67.1.1 Lubricants:7.1.1.1 The gases for which reliable data were available arelisted in Table 3. The nature of the correlation was such thatsolubilities calculated from the corresponding parameters inTable 1 will have an average precision of less than 3 %.7.1.1.2 In this correlation
35、, 257 data points from 9 sourceswere included. The breakdown by gases is shown in Table 3.Overall, the standard error of estimate was 21 %. At the 95 %confidence level, this predicts a maximum error of 642 %from the true value.7.1.2 Distillate Fuels:7.1.2.1 The gas parameters were adjusted to give l
36、ess than1 % precision on distillate fuels. When d2had been adjusted forlubricants, the fuel factor was set empirically. If both were free,the fuel factor was set at 1.37 and d2adjusted.7.1.2.2 With this correlation, 176 data points gave a stan-dard error of 18 %, or at the 95 % confidence level, a m
37、aximumerror of 36 % from the true value.7.1.3 Halogenated Solvents:7.1.3.1 No attempt was made to remove precision from thesolvent estimates, and the fuel parameters were used. Theprecision was 13 %; the details are shown in Table 3.7.1.3.2 With the fuel correlation used on solvents, thestandard err
38、or was 44 %, or at 95 % confidence level, 688 %from the true value maximum error. Details are shown in Table3 on these 64 data points.7.2 Bias:7.2.1 No general statement is made for bias by Test MethodD 3827 since the data used to determine the condition cannotbe compared with accepted reference mat
39、erial.8. Keywords8.1 gases; liquids; organic liquids; petroleum liquids;solubility5Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request researchreport RR:D02-1104.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.TABLE 2 Constants for Synthetic NonhydrocarbonsCompound d1M1r dr/dTDi-2-ethylhexyl adi
40、pate 18.05 370 0.928 0.00075Di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate 17.94 427 0.916 0.00073Trimetholylpropane pelargonate 18.48 459 0.962 0.00070Pentaerythritol caprylate 18.95 540 1.002 0.00065Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate 18.97 390 0.986 0.00075Diphenoxy diphenylene ether 23.24 440 1.178 0.00079Diphenoxy triphenylen
41、e ether 23.67 520 1.205 0.00076Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15.47 600 1.925 0.00166Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15.55 700 1.942 0.00154Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15.71 1 000 1.998 0.00152Dimethyl silicone 15.14 10 000 0.969 0.00093Methyl phenyl silicone 18.41 5 000 1.063 0.00080Perfluoropolyglycol 14
42、.30 1 000 1.914 0.00180Tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate 18.27 467 0.923 0.00090Tricresyl phosphate 18.82 368 1.158 0.00090D 3827 92 (2007)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standar
43、d are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif
44、not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, whic
45、h you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,Un
46、ited States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 3 Precision of Estimate with Various Gases
47、Gas Lubricant Points Standard Error, % Fuel Points Standard Error, % Solvent Points Mean Bias, %StandardError, %He 34 5 16 17 8 25 35Ne 16 12 8 30 43H219 18 8 10 5 + 10 51N289 32 13 15 6 19 37Air 44 8 55 12 CO 6 18 4 + 4 64O232 7 18 17 7 24 50Ar 15 17 9 7 46CH4 8 42 5 13 50Kr 15 25 6 11 75CO239 11 6 54 D 3827 92 (2007)4
