1、Designation: D3827 92 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method forEstimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and OtherOrganic Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3827; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating theequilibrium solubility of several common
3、gases in petroleumand synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperaturesbetween 0 and 488 K.1.2 This test method is limited to systems in which polarityand hydrogen bonding are not strong enough to cause seriousdeviations from regularity. Specifically excluded are suchgases as HCl, NH3, and
4、SO2, and hydroxy liquids such asalcohols, glycols, and water. Estimating the solubility of CO2in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded.1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenyleneethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which pointthe estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43
5、% higher than theobservation.1.4 Lubricants are given preference in this test method tothe extent that certain empirical factors were adjusted to thelubricant data. Estimates for distillate fuels are made from thelubricant estimates by a further set of empirical factors, and areless accurate. Estima
6、tes for halogenated solvents are made as ifthey were hydrocarbons, and are the least accurate of the three.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
7、if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Re
8、fractiveDispersion of Hydrocarbon LiquidsD1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum Measurement TablesD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD2502 Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-l
9、ecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-mentsD2503 Test Method for Relative Molecular Mass (Molecu-lar Weight) of Hydrocarbons by Thermoelectric Measure-ment of Vapor Pressure3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Bunsen coeffcient, nthe solubility of a gas, ex-pressed as the gas volume re
10、duced to 273 K (32F) and 0.10MPa (1 atm), dissolved by one volume of liquid at the specifiedtemperature and 0.10 MPa.3.1.2 Ostwald coeffcient, nthe solubility of a gas, ex-pressed as the volume of gas dissolved per volume of liquidwhen both are in equilibrium at the specified partial pressure ofgas
11、and at the specified temperature.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 distillate fuel, na petroleum product having a mo-lecular weight below 300 g/mol.3.2.2 halogenated solvent, na partially or fully haloge-nated hydrocarbon having a molar volume below 300 mL/mol.1This test metho
12、d is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids(Formally D02.1100).Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originallyappr
13、oved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D382792(2007).DOI: 10.1520/D3827-92R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Documen
14、t Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.3 solubility parameter, nthe square root of the internalenergy change (heat absorbed minus work done) of vaporiza-tion per unit volume of liquid, a
15、t 298 K.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFor gases in Table 1, the liquid ishypothetical and the values were calculated from actual solu-bility data.3.3 Symbols:B = Bunsen coefficient at the specified condition,r = density of liquid at 288 K (60F), g/mL,rt= density of liquid at specified temperature, g/mL,G = solu
16、bility in mg/k,H = Henrys law constant, MPa,M1= molecular weight of liquid, g/mol,M2= molecular weight of gas, g/mol,nD= refractive index of liquid, sodium D-line at 298 K,p = partial pressure of gas, MPa,pv= vapor pressure of liquid, MPa,T = specified temperature, K,L = Ostwald coefficient at T,X =
17、 mole fraction of gas in equilibrium solution,d1= solubility parameter of liquid, (MPa)12 ,d2= equivalent solubility parameter of gas, (MPa)12 , andfi= volume fraction of component i in a mixture ofliquids.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The solubility of gases in petroleum and other organicliquids may
18、 be calculated from solubility parameters of theliquid and gas.3The parameters are given for several classes ofsystems and their use illustrated. Alternative methods forestimation of solubility parameters are described.5. Significance and Use5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance i
19、nthe lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be asubstantial factor in boundary lubrication, where the suddenrelease of dissolved gas may cause cavitation erosion, or evencollapse of the fluid film. In hydraulic and seal oils, gasdissolved at high pressure can cause excessive foaming onrel
20、ease of the pressure. In aviation oils and fuels, the differencein pressure between take-off and cruise altitude can causefoaming in storage vessels and interrupt flow to pumps.6. Procedure6.1 Obtain the value of d1for the liquid by the appropriateone of the following options:6.1.1 If the liquid is
21、a nonhydrocarbon, obtain d1from Table2. If it is not listed there, and the structure is known, calculated1by the method of Fedors.46.1.2 If the liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetichydrocarbon, determine r by Test Method D1218 or equiva-lent. If r is 0.885 g/mL or less, calculate d1as follows:d
22、15 12.03r17.36 (1)6.1.3 If the liquid is refined petroleum or a synthetichydrocarbon with r = 0.886 g/mL or more, or a nonhydrocar-bon of unknown structure, determine nDby Test MethodD1218, and calculate as follows:d15 8.63nD21 0.96 (2)NOTE 1Values of d1from Table 2 or r are accurate to 60.2 unit, b
23、utthose from nDmay be in error by as much as 61.0 unit.6.1.4 For mixtures of liquids with solubility parameters da,fb. diin volume fractions fa,b. fi, calculate d1as follows:d15fada1fbdb. 1fidi(3)6.2 Obtain the value of d2from Table 1.6.3 Calculate the Ostwald coefficient for a lubricant asfollows:L
24、 5 exp0.0395d12d2!22 2.66!1 2 273/T! 2 0.303d12 0.024117.60 2d2!21 5.731 (4)6.4 Calculate the Ostwald coefficient for a distillate fuel orhalogenated solvent as in 6.3, then multiply by the fuel factorfrom Table 1.6.5 Calculate the Bunsen coefficient as follows:B 5 2697p 2 pv!L/T (5)NOTE 2For most l
25、ubricants, pvis less than 10 % of p and can beneglected. For fuels, solvents or oils contaminated with solvents and fuels,or at very high temperatures, pvis important.6.6 For mixtures of gases, calculate the individual Ostwaldcoefficients as in 6.3, calculate a Bunsen coefficient for eachand add the
26、m together.6.7 For hydrocarbon oils, obtain rtas follows:rt5r1 2 0.000595T 2 288.2!/r1.21! (6)NOTE 3The constants 0.000595 and 1.21 are an empirical approxi-mation of the calculations involved in Guide D1250.6.8 For nonhydrocarbon liquids, obtain rtby one of thefollowing methods, listed in decreasin
27、g order of preference:6.8.1 Determine it directly, using Test Method D1298 orequivalent.6.8.2 Obtain suitable data from the supplier of the liquids.6.8.3 Obtain r by one of the above, and adjust it as follows,using dd/dT from Table 2:rt5r2T 2 288.2!dr/dT (7)3Beerbower, A., “Estimating the Solubility
28、 of Gases in Petroleum and SyntheticLubricants,” ASLE Trans, Vol 23, 1980, p. 335.4Fedors, R. F., “A Method for Estimating Both the Solubility Parameters andMolar Volumes of Liquids,” Polymer Engineering and Science, Vol 14, 1974, p.147.TABLE 1 Solubility Parameters of Gaseous SolutesGas M2d2at 298
29、K Fuel FactorHe 4 3.35 1.27Ne 20 3.87 1.37H22 5.52 1.27N228 6.04 1.70Air 29 6.67 1.44CO 28 7.47 1.37O232 7.75 1.28Ar 40 7.71 1.37CH416 9.10 1.42Kr 84 10.34 1.37CO244 14.81 1.14D3827 92 (2012)26.8.4 Obtain both r and dr/dT from Table 2 and combine asin 6.8.3.6.9 Obtain M2from Table 1, and calculate t
30、he solubility inmg/kg:G 5 44.6BM2/rt(8)NOTE 4The equation in 6.9 is based on the assumption that the liquidin definitions 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.3 has the same volume and density asthe oil. That is a good approximation, except for gases more soluble thanCH4. Furthermore, the laborious corrections req
31、uired to render this morerigorous are not justified in light of the precision shown in Section 7.6.10 Obtain the value of M1by the appropriate one of thefollowing options:6.10.1 For synthetic nonhydrocarbons, locate in Table 2 orcalculate directly.6.10.2 For refined petroleum or synthetic hydrocarbo
32、ns,estimate M1by Test Method D2502.6.10.3 For nonhydrocarbons of unknown structure, deter-mine M1by Test Method D2503. Despite the limitationsimplied in its scope, that method will serve this purpose.6.11 Calculate the solubility as mole fraction as follows:X 5 106GM1/M2(9)6.12 Calculate the Henrys
33、law constant as follows:H 5 p 2 pv!/X (10)7. Precision and Bias57.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test is not known tohave been obtained in accordance with currently acceptedguidelines (for example, in Committee D02 Research ReportRR:D02-1007, Manual on Determination of Precision Data forASTM Metho
34、ds on Petroleum Products and Lubricants).7.1.1 Lubricants:7.1.1.1 The gases for which reliable data were available arelisted in Table 3. The nature of the correlation was such thatsolubilities calculated from the corresponding parameters inTable 1 will have an average precision of less than 3 %.7.1.
35、1.2 In this correlation, 257 data points from 9 sourceswere included. The breakdown by gases is shown in Table 3.Overall, the standard error of estimate was 21 %. At the 95 %confidence level, this predicts a maximum error of 642 %from the true value.7.1.2 Distillate Fuels:7.1.2.1 The gas parameters
36、were adjusted to give less than1 % precision on distillate fuels.When d2had been adjusted forlubricants, the fuel factor was set empirically. If both were free,the fuel factor was set at 1.37 and d2adjusted.7.1.2.2 With this correlation, 176 data points gave a stan-dard error of 18 %, or at the 95 %
37、 confidence level, a maximumerror of 36 % from the true value.7.1.3 Halogenated Solvents:7.1.3.1 No attempt was made to remove precision from thesolvent estimates, and the fuel parameters were used. Theprecision was 13 %; the details are shown in Table 3.7.1.3.2 With the fuel correlation used on sol
38、vents, thestandard error was 44 %, or at 95 % confidence level, 688 %from the true value maximum error. Details are shown in Table3 on these 64 data points.7.2 BiasNo general statement is made for bias by TestMethod D3827 since the data used to determine the conditioncannot be compared with accepted
39、 reference material.8. Keywords8.1 gases; liquids; organic liquids; petroleum liquids;solubility5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1104.TABLE 2 Constants for Synthetic NonhydrocarbonsCompound d1M1r dr/dTDi-2-eth
40、ylhexyl adipate 18.05 370 0.928 0.00075Di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate 17.94 427 0.916 0.00073Trimetholylpropane pelargonate 18.48 459 0.962 0.00070Pentaerythritol caprylate 18.95 540 1.002 0.00065Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate 18.97 390 0.986 0.00075Diphenoxy diphenylene ether 23.24 440 1.178 0.00079Diphenoxy
41、triphenylene ether 23.67 520 1.205 0.00076Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15.47 600 1.925 0.00166Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15.55 700 1.942 0.00154Polychlorotrifluoroethylene 15.71 1 000 1.998 0.00152Dimethyl silicone 15.14 10 000 0.969 0.00093Methyl phenyl silicone 18.41 5 000 1.063 0.00080Perfluoropo
42、lyglycol 14.30 1 000 1.914 0.00180Tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate 18.27 467 0.923 0.00090Tricresyl phosphate 18.82 368 1.158 0.00090D3827 92 (2012)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of th
43、is standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five ye
44、ars andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical commi
45、ttee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
46、28-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the st
47、andard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 3 Precision of Estimate with Various GasesGas Lubricant Points Standard Error, % Fuel Points Standard Error, % Solvent Points Mean Bias, %StandardError, %He 34 5 16 17 8 25 35Ne 16 12 8 30 43H219 18 8 10 5 + 10 51N289 32 13 15 6 19 37Air 44 8 55 12 CO 6 18 4 + 4 64O232 7 18 17 7 24 50Ar 15 17 9 7 46CH4 8 42 5 13 50Kr 15 25 6 11 75CO239 11 6 54 D3827 92 (2012)4
