1、Designation: D 3860 98 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forDetermination of Adsorptive Capacity of Activated Carbonby Aqueous Phase Isotherm Technique1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3860; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the determination of the adsorptivecapacity of activat
3、ed carbon to remove undesirable constituentsfrom water and waste water. It can be used to evaluate theadsorptive capacity of activated or reactivated carbon.1.2 This practice is not recommended unless special precau-tions are taken to reduce loss during sample preparation andanalysis.1.3 This practi
4、ce is recommended to determine the adsorp-tive capacity of activated carbon for the following applications,but is not limited to these applications:1.3.1 Removal of color from dye mill waste water,1.3.2 Removal of taste or odor constituents, or both, frompotable waters,1.3.3 Removal of toxicants fro
5、m water,1.3.4 Removal of surface active agents from water,1.3.5 Removal of BOD5from sanitary waste waters, and1.3.6 Removal of TOC from industrial waste waters.1.4 The following safety caveat applies to the proceduresection of this practice: This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety
6、 concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
7、D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD 2652 Terminology Relating to Activated CarbonD 2867 Test Method for Moisture in Activated CarbonE 300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms
8、 used in this practice relating toactivated carbon, refer to Terminology D 2652.3.1.2 For definition of terms used in this practice relating towater, refer to Terminology D 1129.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice consists of the determination of the ad-sorptive capacity of activated carbon for
9、adsorbable constitu-ents by contacting the aqueous solution with activated carbon,determining the amount of the constituents removed, andcalculating the adsorptive capacity from a Freundlich isothermplot.4.1.1 Sample weights of activated carbon may have to beadjusted, depending on the concentration
10、of adsorbable con-stituents in the water.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is used when activated carbon is consid-ered as an adsorbent in treating water. Since both granular andpowdered activated carbons are commercially available, astandard practice is needed to ensure that the activated ca
11、rbonsare evaluated under the same test conditions. Specified particlesize carbon is to be used to ensure that the same test conditionsare used. The practice is generally performed at 20C; how-ever, other temperatures may be used and noted.6. Interferences6.1 The water sample must not contain any imm
12、iscible oil.6.2 Generally, membrane filters contain a slight amount ofleachable surfactants and wetting agents that might be a sourceof detectable error in waters having low concentrations ofadsorbable constituents.7. Apparatus7.1 Agitator, able to keep slurried activated carbon insuspension.NOTE 1A
13、 wrist-action shaker or a magnetic stirrer is suitable as anagitator.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-28 on ActivatedCarbon and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D28.02 on Liquid PhaseEvaluation Tests.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003. Published December 20
14、03. Originallypublished in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 3860 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.2 Grinding mill, capable of grinding material so that 95 %passes through a 325-mesh sieve.7.3 Vacuum or pressure-filtration apparatus.7.4 Membrane filters, 0.4
16、0 to 0.45 m.7.5 Erlenmeyer flasks, glass stoppered, 500-mL and1000-mL capacity.7.6 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to the nearest0.1 mg.7.7 Oven, forced-air circulation, capable of temperatureregulation between 145 and 155C.7.8 Constant temperature water bath, capable of tempera-ture regulat
17、ion of 20 6 1C.7.9 Pipet, 100-mL.8. Sampling8.1 Sample activated carbon that has been sampled accord-ing to Practice E 300 and reduced in particle size so that 95 %passes through a U.S. 325-mesh sieve by wet screening orequivalent, and oven-dried according to Test Method D 2867(3 hours at 150C is us
18、ually sufficient).8.2 Collect water samples in accordance with PracticesD 3370.9. Procedure9.1 Table 1 is a suggested list of the activated carbonweights and solution sample volumes to be used for theexpected concentrations of adsorbable constituents. Suggestedcarbon weights or solution sample volum
19、es should be adjustedto obtain a maximum of 85 % adsorbate removal and aminimum of 10 % adsorbate removal.9.2 For water containing 10 mg/L adsorbable constituents,pipet aliquots of 100 mL each into 500-mL glass-stopperedErlenmeyer flasks. For water containing |La10 mg/L, measure500-mL aliquots into
20、1000-mL glass-stoppered Erlenmeyerflasks.9.3 Add to the containers the appropriate amount of pulver-ized activated carbon corrected to dry basis (Table 1) in regularintervals to allow time for filtration. Generally, a 5-min intervalis adequate. Use one flask without activated carbon for acontrol sam
21、ple.9.4 After the addition of each activated carbon sample, swirlthe flask to wet the carbon. Stopper the flask and place on theagitator. Record the time.9.5 Allow each flask to shake or agitate for2hinawaterbath at the desired temperature. Two hours contact time isnormally sufficient to achieve ste
22、ady state. However, a contacttime study should be performed to verify that steady state isachieved (see 4.1).9.6 After 2 h, immediately filter each test and controlsamples through separate new 0.40 to 0.45-m membranefilters.NOTE 2If the water sample contains volatile constituents, use pres-sure filt
23、ration with nitrogen gas to reduce loss.NOTE 3It is recommended that each membrane filter be rinsed with500 mL of reagent grade Type II water (Specification D 1193) prior tofiltration.9.7 Immediately analyze the filtrates for the specific con-stituent of interest and record the results along with th
24、ecorresponding carbon weight.10. Calculation10.1 Determine the amount of constituent adsorbed, X,asfollows:X 5 CoV 2 CVwhere:X = amount of constituent adsorbed, mg,Co= concentration of constituents before carbon treatment,mg/L,C = concentration of constituents after carbon treatment,mg/L, andV = vol
25、ume of sample, L.10.2 Determine the amount of constituent adsorbed per unitweight of carbon, X/M, as follows:X/M 5CoV 2 CV!Mwhere:M = weight of carbon, g,X = amount of constituent absorbed, mg,X/M = constituent absorbed per unit weight of carbon,mg/g,Co = concentration of constituents before carbon
26、treat-ment, mg/L,C = concentration of constituents after carbon treatment,mg/L, andV = volume of sample, L.11. Report11.1 See Table 2 for the recommended format for datareporting.11.2 Plotting of Data:TABLE 1 Solution Sample Volumes and Carbon Weights forDetermining Adsorbable ConstituentsConcentrat
27、ion ofAdsorbableConstituents,mg/LSolutionSampleVolume, mLSuggested Carbon Weights(Dry Basis)#10 500 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0 mg10; 100 100 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 1.0,2.0, and 4.0 g100 100 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 gTABLE 2 Format for Data ReportingM Gr
28、ams ofCarbonCConcentrationRemaining inSolution,mg/L(C) VConstituentRemaining inSolution, mgX ConstituentAdsorbed,mgX/M = mg/gControl 500 50 . . . . . .0.0500 475 47.5 2.5 500.1000 450 45.0 5.0 500.2000 420 42.0 8.0 400.5000 310 31.0 19 381.000 200 20.0 30 302.000 100 10.0 40 205.000 35 3.5 46.5 9.31
29、0.00 12 1.2 48.8 4.920.00 4 0.4 49.6 2.48D 3860 98 (2003)211.2.1 Use three-cycle log/log paper and plot concentrationremaining in mg/L on the abscissa and X/M on the ordinate,and then connect the points. See Fig. 1.11.2.2 If a vertical line is erected from the point on theabscissa corresponding to t
30、he original concentration Coand theisotherm plot is extrapolated to intersect this line, the X/Mvalue at the point of intersection can be read from the ordinate.This value termed X/M Co represents the amount of impurityadsorbed when the carbon is in equilibrium with the influentconcentration. This v
31、alue represents the ultimate capacity ofthe carbon for the adsorbate.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionThe precision is limited by the precision ofthe test methods used in determining the concentrations of theconstituents.12.2 BiasThe bias is limited by the bias of the testmethods used in determin
32、ing the concentrations of the con-stituents.13. Keywords13.1 activated carbonASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validi
33、ty of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your commen
34、ts are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have no
35、t received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 1 Plotting of Data Concentration (C) mg/LD 3860 98 (2003)3
