1、Designation: D 3888 07Standard Terminology forYarn Spinning Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, andair jet yarn spinning systems.1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminologyrelated to open-end
3、 spinning. It has been expanded to includeterms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct,the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in thetextile industry.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concern
4、s, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 86
5、1 Practice for Use of the Tex System to DesignateLinear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and YarnsD 1244 Practice for Designation of Yarn ConstructionD 2260 Tables of Conversion Factors and Equivalent YarnNumbers Measured in Various Numbering Systems3. Significance and Use3.1 Terminology D 388
6、8 was originally developed as aterminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as anew yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinningproduction had been the traditional spinning since the early1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spin-ning and other spinning technologies i
7、ncreased yarn productionrates and formed yarns by different mechanical means thatgenerated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended tocompile terminology for current yarn spinning systems intoone standard rather than individual standard
8、s, in that all yarnformation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarnby using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning,carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminol-ogy in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning systemand in chronological order of their
9、development and productionusage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn numberranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rarein actual production.4. Terminology4.1 Ring SpinningRing spinning is the oldest spinningsystem in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis forcomp
10、aring yarns produced from other spinning systems. Pro-duction rates are low when compared to new spinning systems.The production delivery capability of ring spinning is limitedby traveler velocity and the twist limits of the yarn numberbeing made; the speed may range between 10 and 20 m/min.Ring spi
11、nning allows for the production of the widest range ofyarn numbers from 200 to 2 tex (Nec3/1 to 300/1). Ring-spunyarns are produced by drafting rovings between pairs of rollers,twisting the drafted roving by passing it under a traveler thatrotates around a fixed ring on the frame of the spinningmach
12、ine, and winding the twisted strand on a removablebobbin mounted on a rotating spindle. Ring spun yarns arecharacterized by a uniform fiber orientation around the yarnaxis. See Fig. 1.bobbin, na slightly tapered plastic cylinder, mounted on aspindle of a ring spinning frame on which yarn producedfro
13、m drafting and twisting is wound.DISCUSSIONYarn from several ring frame bobbins is wound onto acone or cheese to create a larger package from which it can be easilyunwound for use in weaving, knitting, or other processes.carding, va mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiberspinning systems, t
14、hat cleans, straightens, and aligns fibersusing wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibersinto a sliver.carded yarn, nan organized, continuous strand of staplefibers produced by carding, drawing, roving formation, andspinning. (Compare with combed yarn.)combing, van optional mechanical p
15、reparation process un-dertaken to remove additional trash particles, neps, and short1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. O
16、riginallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3888 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
17、 page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.fibers (typically fibers less than 12.5 mm or 0.5 in.) fromcarded sliver to further align the remaining bed yarn, nan organized, continuous strand of staplefibe
18、rs produced by carding, roving, drawing, formation,combing, and spinning. (Compare with carded yarn.)DISCUSSIONCombed yarns of the same yarn number, produced onthe same spinning system are, generally, stronger, more uniform withfewer imperfections, and have greater luster than carded pact spinning,
19、na modified ring-spinning process thatalters the geometry of the spinning twist triangle to producea more uniform structure by binding fibers into the body ofthe yarn. See Fig. 2.DISCUSSIONYarns produced from compact ring spinning exhibitreduced hairiness (see Fig. 3) and produce higher strength tha
20、nconventional ring spun yarns in the same yarn number.drafting, vthe process of attenuating a web, sliver or rovingof staple fiber to increase its length per unit mass.DISCUSSIONDrafting is generally attained by passing a web, sliveror roving between pairs of rollers (or a combination of pairs of ro
21、llerswith aprons), operating at differing speeds.drafting zone, nthe location on a spinning, draw, and rovingframe where pairs of rollers, or cylinders, rotating atdiffering speeds, control the number of fibers per cross-section of the yarn.ring spinning machine, na machine that converts roving ofst
22、aple fiber (produced from carded or combed sliver) intospun yarn by drafting, twisting, and winding onto a remov-able bobbin. (Syn. ring-spinning frame.) See Fig. 4.roving, nthe intermediate product between sliver and spin-ning that is a loose assembly of fibers drawn into a singlestrand that has ve
23、ry little twist.scratch-combed yarns, nthe process of combining comberand carded sliver to produce a continuous yarn strand ofstaple fibers.DISCUSSIONYarns produced from scratch combing do not have thefull spectrum of attributes (length uniformity, evenness, luster) ofcompletely combed sliver in a y
24、arn strand.sliver, na continuous strand of loosely assembled fibers,approximately uniform in cross-section and without twist,produced by a card, draw frame, or comber.spindle, na slender, tapered rod, placed in a vertical positionon a ring-spinning frame that rotates at a high rate speedaround its a
25、xis and on which a bobbin is mounted.traveler, na C-shaped metal piece that rides on the ring of aspinning frame and guides the twisted yarn onto a bobbin.twist, nthe number of turns about the axis per unit of lengthin a yarn or other textile strand.4.2 Rotor SpinningRotor, or open-end, spinning is
26、aproduction spinning technology that can spin yarn at a rate ofup to ten times that of ring spinning. Rotor spinning productioncapability, typically utilized for coarser yarn number produc-tion, is dependant on rotor dimensions and nozzle configura-tion; its spinning speeds may range between 150 to
27、250 m/min.It does not require either roving formation prior to spinning oran extra winding step after spinning. Its yarn number produc-tion range is 200 to 15 tex (Nec3/1 to 40/1). Rotor-spun yarnsare characterized by some degree of random fiber entangle-ments, called wraps, or wrappers, around the
28、yarn axis. SeeFig. 5.carding, na mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiberspinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibersusing wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibersinto a sliver.collecting surface, nin the rotor of an open-end spinningmachine, that portion of th
29、e internal surface of the rotor,often in the form of a groove, in which the fibers arecondensed for assembly into yarn.doffing tube, na component of an open-end spinning ma-chine which is an extension to the navel and is used to guidethe withdrawn yarn en route to the take-up rollers. (See alsonavel
30、.)feed unit, nin an open-end spinning machine, the devicewhich presents the fiber feed stock to the opening roller byeither a feed roller and feed plate combination or interactingfeed rollers. (See opening device.)fiber channel, na component of an open-end spinningmachine through which the fibers ar
31、e conveyed by an aircurrent from the opening device to the rotor. (Syn. fibertransport tube.) (See also opening device.)DISCUSSIONDifferent navel designs will impact the physical prop-erties of rotor-spun yarns.open-end yarn, nsee rotor-spun yarn.opening device, nin open-end spinning, either a draft
32、ingsystem or an opening roller which separates the feed stockinto individual fibers or very small tufts prior to theirreassembly into yarn.opening roller, na component of the opening device inopen-end spinning machines, a roller covered with pins orteeth or similar device used to separate the feed s
33、tock intoindividual fibers or very small tufts by a continuous combingaction. (Syn. combing roll.)package, nplastic, open cylinder onto which rotor and air jetyarns are wound.rotor, nin open-end spinning machines, a device resemblinga centrifuge, in which fibers are assembled and in which, byvirtue
34、of its rotation, twist is inserted into the end of the yarnbeing formed.DISCUSSIONThe rotor separates fibers and incoming air. The airdissipates through holes in the rotor or over the rim of the rotor into therotor housing where it is exhausted through an outlet duct.rotor groove, nthe collection sl
35、ot inside the rotor cup on arotor-spinning machine where fibers are assembled.rotor-spinning machine, na machine that converts sliver ofstaple fiber, usually carded, into a spun yarn by a process inwhich fibers are opened and drawn by air suction into a rotorcup rotating at a high rate of speed, whe
36、re they becomeattached to a loose (open) end of yarn, exiting the rotor cup.(Syn. open-end spinning.) See Fig. 5.separator, na component of some open-end spinning ma-chines located inside the rotor that directs the incomingfibers to the slide surface.D3888072slide surface, nin the rotor of an open-e
37、nd spinning ma-chine, that part of the internal surface of the rotor on whichthe fibers are deposited and are caused to slide to thecollecting surface.take-up rollers, nin open-end spinning machines, a pair ofclosely set, continuously rotating cylinders which withdrawthe spun yarn from the rotor.tra
38、sh-removal device, nin open-end spinning machines,asystem for removing impurities from the opened feed stockbefore the fibers are conveyed to the rotor.winding system, nin open-end spinning machines, a devicewhich forms the yarn package.wrapper fibers, nin rotor-spun yarns, fiber entanglementscreate
39、d during yarn formation that surround the circumfer-ence of the yarn cross section in random sequence but are notpart of the twist helix.yarn package, ntubes, cones, and cheeses from which yarncan be unwound easily for use in weaving, knitting, or otherprocesses.4.3 Air-Jet SpinningAir-jet spinning,
40、 as with rotor spin-ning does not require either roving prior to spinning or windingafter spinning. The yarn production capability of this technol-ogy can be up to double that of rotor spinning and triple that ofring spinning; its spinning speed may range between 350 to450 m/min. Air jet yarn number
41、s range from 39 to 7 tex (Nec15/1 to 80/1). In air-jet spinning, sliver is drafted betweendrafting rollers, then pulled into an orifice by suction by airflowthat creates a vortex. Similar to rotor-spun yarns, air-jet spunyarns also exhibit a random fiber configuration along theirlength but, unlike r
42、otor-spun yarns, do not exhibit wrapperfibers around their axis. Newer air-jet spinning technologiesare called vortex spinning.air-jet spinning machine, na machine that converts sliversof staple fibers into spun yarn using drafting rollers and avortex created by an airflow suction orifice. See Fig.
43、6.carding, na mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiberspinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibersusing wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibersinto a sliver.delivery roller, nair-jet spinning frame component thatcontrols yarn tension from the front roll throug
44、h the nozzlebox.drafting zone, nthe location on a spinning, draw, and rovingframe where pairs of rollers, or cylinders, rotating atdiffering speeds, control the number of fibers per cross-section of the yarn.N1air nozzle, nthe first nozzle that creates an air vortexthrough which the leading, free, s
45、urface fibers are twistedwhile trailing ends remain fixed under the front spinning roll.N2air nozzle, nthe second air nozzle that creates an airvortex in the opposite direction than the N1air nozzleresulting in a false twisting motion.nozzle box, nan air-jet spinning frame component whereparallel fi
46、bers are twisted and wrapped to create the yarnstructure.take-up package, na cone on which spun yarn is wound fordownstream processing.yarn clearer, nan optical or capacitive sensor that monitorsfor yarn defects which can activate a break in the yarn beingproduced so that the undesirable defect can
47、be removed.waxing device, na container of wax, positioned between adelivery roll and a take-up package that coats the yarn ,typically those being produced for knitting.5. Keywords5.1 air-jet spinning; ring spinning; rotor spinningD3888073FIG. 1 Longitudinal Sections of Ring (middle view), Rotor (bot
48、tom view) and Air Jet (top view) Yarns(Courtesy of Murata Machinery, Ltd.)FIG. 2 Illustration of the Traditional Ring Spinning Drafting Triangle (left) and Compact Spinning Drafting (right)(Provisional Approval by Spindelfabrik Sussen, Stahlecker or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 6 Schematic Diagram of Air Jet Spinning(Courtesy of Cotton Incorporated)D3888077
