1、Designation: D3888 12Standard Terminology forYarn Spinning Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, andair jet yarn spinning systems.1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminologyrelated to open-end sp
3、inning. It has been expanded to includeterms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct,the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in thetextile industry.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,
4、if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns forA
5、ppearanceD3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning SystemsD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects3. Significance and Use3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as aterminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as anew yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinningproduction had
6、 been the traditional spinning since the early1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spin-ning and other spinning technologies increased yarn productionrates and formed yarns by different mechanical means thatgenerated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The rev
7、ision of this document is intended tocompile terminology for current yarn spinning systems intoone standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarnformation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarnby using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning,carding, roving fo
8、rmation, and sometimes combing. Terminol-ogy in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning systemand in chronological order of their development and productionusage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn numberranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rarein actual p
9、roduction.4. Terminology4.1 Ring SpinningRing spinning is the oldest spinningsystem in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis forcomparing yarns produced from other spinning systems. Pro-duction rates are low when compared to new spinning systems.The production delivery capability of ring spin
10、ning is limitedby traveler velocity and the twist limits of the yarn numberbeing made; the speed may range between 10 and 20 m/min.Ring spinning allows for the production of the widest range ofyarn numbers from 200 to 2 tex (Nec3/1 to 300/1). Ring-spunyarns are produced by drafting rovings between p
11、airs of rollers,twisting the drafted roving by passing it under a traveler thatrotates around a fixed ring on the frame of the spinningmachine, and winding the twisted strand on a removablebobbin mounted on a rotating spindle. Ring spun yarns arecharacterized by a uniform fiber orientation around th
12、e yarnaxis. See Fig. 1.bobbin, na slightly tapered plastic cylinder, mounted on aspindle of a ring spinning frame on which yarn producedfrom drafting and twisting is wound.DISCUSSIONYarn from several ring frame bobbins is wound onto acone or cheese to create a larger package from which it can be eas
13、ilyunwound for use in weaving, knitting, or other processes.carding, va mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiberspinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibersusing wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibersinto a sliver.carded yarn, nan organized, continuous strand
14、 of staplefibers produced by carding, drawing, roving formation, andspinning. (Compare with combed yarn.)combing, van optional mechanical preparation process un-dertaken to remove additional trash particles, neps, and short1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesa
15、nd is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3888 071. DOI:10.1520/D3888-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
16、tm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.fibers (
17、typically fibers less than 12.5 mm or 0.5 in.) fromcarded sliver to further align the remaining bed yarn, nan organized, continuous strand of staplefibers produced by carding, roving, drawing, formation,combing, and spinning. (Compare with carded yarn.)DISCUSSIONCombed yarns produced on the same spi
18、nning systemare, generally, stronger, more uniform with fewer imperfections, andhave greater luster than carded pact spinning, na modified ring-spinning process thatalters the geometry of the spinning twist triangle to producea more uniform structure by binding fibers into the body ofthe yarn. See F
19、ig. 2.DISCUSSIONYarns produced from compact ring spinning exhibitreduced hairiness (see Fig. 3) and higher strength than conventionalring spun yarns in the same yarn number.drafting, vthe process of attenuating a web, sliver or rovingof staple fiber to increase its length per unit mass.DISCUSSIONDra
20、fting is generally attained by passing a web, sliveror roving between pairs of rollers (or a combination of pairs of rollerswith aprons), operating at differing speeds.drafting zone, nthe location on a drawing, roving orspinning frame where pairs of rollers, cylinders, aprons or acombination of the
21、same, operate at differing surface speeds.DISCUSSIONThe differing surface speeds attenuate the materialbeing processed, and control the number of fibers per cross-section.ring spinning machine, na machine that converts roving ofstaple fiber (produced from carded or combed sliver) intospun yarn by dr
22、afting, twisting, and winding onto a remov-able bobbin. (Syn. ring-spinning frame.) See Fig. 4.roving, nthe intermediate product between sliver and spin-ning that is a loose assembly of fibers drawn into a singlestrand that has very little twist.scratch-combed yarns, nthe process of combining comber
23、and carded sliver to produce a continuous yarn strand ofstaple fibers.DISCUSSIONYarns produced from scratch combing do not have thefull spectrum of attributes (length uniformity, evenness, luster) ofcompletely combed sliver in a yarn strand.sliver, na continuous strand of loosely assembled fibers,ap
24、proximately uniform in cross-section and without twist,produced by a card, draw frame, or comber.spindle, na slender, tapered rod, placed in a vertical positionon a ring-spinning frame that rotates at a high rate speedaround its axis and on which a bobbin is mounted.traveler, na C-shaped metal piece
25、 that rides on the ring of aspinning frame and guides the twisted yarn onto a bobbin.twist, nthe number of turns about the axis per unit of lengthin a yarn or other textile strand.4.2 Rotor SpinningRotor, or open-end, spinning is aproduction spinning technology that can spin yarn at a rate ofup to t
26、en times that of ring spinning. Rotor spinning productioncapability, typically utilized for coarser yarn number produc-tion, is dependant on rotor dimensions and nozzle configura-tion; its spinning speeds may range between 150 to 250 m/min.It does not require either roving formation prior to spinnin
27、g oran extra winding step after spinning. Its yarn number produc-tion range is 200 to 15 tex (Nec3/1 to 40/1). Rotor-spun yarnsare characterized by some degree of random fiber entangle-ments, called wraps, or wrappers, around the yarn axis. SeeFig. 5.carding, nSee carding in 4.1.collecting surface,
28、nin the rotor of an open-end spinningmachine, that portion of the internal surface of the rotor,often in the form of a groove, in which the fibers arecondensed for assembly into yarn.doffing tube, na component of an open-end spinning ma-chine which is an extension to the navel and is used to guideth
29、e withdrawn yarn en route to the take-up rollers. (See alsonavel.)feed unit, nin an open-end spinning machine, the devicewhich presents the fiber feed stock to the opening roller byeither a feed roller and feed plate combination or interactingfeed rollers. (See opening device.)fiber channel, na comp
30、onent of an open-end spinningmachine through which the fibers are conveyed by an aircurrent from the opening device to the rotor. (Syn. fibertransport tube.) (See also opening device.)DISCUSSIONDifferent navel designs will impact the physical prop-erties of rotor-spun yarns.navel, na component of an
31、 open-end spinning machinelocated on the axis of the rotor through which the yarn iswithdrawn from the rotor and which modifies the twist of theyarn inside the rotor. (See doffing tube). D13.58D3888open-end spinning machine, na textile machine for con-verting staple fiber into spun yarn by a continu
32、ous process inwhich the individual fibers or groups of fibers are caused toassemble at the open end of the forming yarn. (See rotor-type open-end spinning machine) D13.58D3888open-end yarn, nsee rotor-spun yarn.opening device, nin open-end spinning, either a draftingsystem or an opening roller which
33、 separates the feed stockinto individual fibers or very small tufts prior to theirreassembly into yarn.opening roller, na component of the opening device inopen-end spinning machines, a roller covered with pins orteeth or similar device used to separate the feed stock intoindividual fibers or very s
34、mall tufts by a continuous combingaction. (Syn. combing roll.)package, nplastic, open cylinder onto which rotor and air jetyarns are wound.rotor, nin open-end spinning machines, a device resemblinga centrifuge, in which fibers are assembled and in which, byvirtue of its rotation, twist is inserted i
35、nto the end of the yarnbeing formed.DISCUSSIONThe rotor separates fibers and incoming air. The airdissipates through holes in the rotor or over the rim of the rotor into therotor housing where it is exhausted through an outlet duct.rotor, nin open-end spinning machines, a device resemblinga centrifu
36、ge, in which the fibers are assembled and in which,by virtue of its rotation, real twist is inserted in the formingyarn. D13.58D3888D3888 122rotor groove, nthe collection slot inside the rotor cup on arotor-spinning machine where fibers are assembled.rotor-type open-end spinning machine, nan open-en
37、dspinning machine wherein the assembly of individual fibersand the insertion of real twist are affected by a rotor. (Seealso open-end spinning machine.) D13.58D3888rotor-spinning machine, na machine that converts sliver ofstaple fiber, usually carded, into a spun yarn by a process inwhich fibers are
38、 opened and drawn by air suction into a rotorcup rotating at a high rate of speed, where they becomeattached to a loose (open) end of yarn, exiting the rotor cup.(Syn. open-end spinning.) See Fig. 5.separator, na component of some open-end spinning ma-chines located inside the rotor that directs the
39、 incomingfibers to the slide surface.slide surface, nin the rotor of an open-end spinning ma-chine, that part of the internal surface of the rotor on whichthe fibers are deposited and are caused to slide to thecollecting surface.take-up rollers, nin open-end spinning machines, a pair ofclosely set,
40、continuously rotating cylinders which withdrawthe spun yarn from the rotor.thin place, na yarn defect characterized by a segment that issubstantially (at least 25 %) smaller in diameter than theaverage diameter of the yarn. (See also thick place.)D13.58 D2255,D3990trash-removal device, nin open-end
41、spinning machines,asystem for removing impurities from the opened feed stockbefore the fibers are conveyed to the rotor.winding system, nin open-end spinning machines, a devicewhich forms the yarn package.wrapper fibers, nin rotor-spun yarns, fiber entanglementscreated during yarn formation that sur
42、round the circumfer-ence of the yarn cross section in random sequence but are notpart of the twist helix.yarn package, ntubes, cones, and cheeses from which yarncan be unwound easily for use in weaving, knitting, or otherprocesses.4.3 Air-Jet SpinningAir-jet spinning, as with rotor spin-ning does no
43、t require either roving prior to spinning or windingafter spinning. The yarn production capability of this technol-ogy can be up to double that of rotor spinning and triple that ofring spinning; spinning speeds range from 350 to 450 m/min.Air jet yarn numbers range from 39 to 7 tex (Nec15/1 to 80/1)
44、.In air-jet spinning, sliver is drafted between drafting rollers,then pulled into an orifice by suction by airflow that creates avortex. Similar to rotor-spun yarns, air-jet spun yarns alsoexhibit a random fiber configuration along their length but,unlike rotor-spun yarns, do not exhibit wrapper fib
45、ers aroundtheir axis. See Fig. 1. Newer air-jet spinning technologies arecalled vortex spinning.air-jet spinning machine, na machine that converts sliversof staple fibers into spun yarn using drafting rollers and avortex created by an airflow suction orifice. See Fig. 6.carding, nSee carding in 4.1.
46、delivery roller, nair-jet spinning frame component thatcontrols yarn tension from the front roll through the nozzlebox.drafting zone, nthe location on a spinning, draw, and rovingframe where pairs of rollers, or cylinders, rotating atdiffering speeds, control the number of fibers per cross-section o
47、f the yarn.N1air nozzle, nthe first nozzle that creates an air vortexthrough which the leading, free, surface fibers are twistedwhile trailing ends remain fixed under the front spinning roll.N2air nozzle, nthe second air nozzle that creates an airvortex in the opposite direction than the N1air nozzl
48、eresulting in a false twisting motion.nozzle box, nan air-jet spinning frame component whereparallel fibers are twisted and wrapped to create the yarnstructure.take-up package, na cone on which spun yarn is wound fordownstream processing.yarn clearer, nan optical or capacitive sensor that monitorsfo
49、r yarn defects which can activate a break in the yarn beingproduced so that the undesirable defect can be removed.waxing device, na container of wax, positioned between adelivery roll and a take-up package that coats the yarn ,typically those being produced for knitting.5. Keywords5.1 air-jet spinning; ring spinning; rotor spinningD3888 123FIG. 1 Longitudinal Sections of Ring (middle view), Rotor (bottom view) and Air Jet (top view) Yarns(Courtesy of Murata Machinery, Ltd.)FIG. 2 Illustration
