1、Designation: D3888 12D3888 15Standard Terminology forYarn Spinning Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and air jet yarn spinning systems.1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology related to o
3、pen-end spinning. It has been expanded to include termsrelating to ring and air jet spinning systems.1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct, the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the textileindustry.1.1.3 While the clarifying examples given in this terminology
4、do not cover industrial yarns and fibers, the technical spinningprinciples are also valid for this category of textile materials.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establis
5、h appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2255 Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for AppearanceD3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning SystemsD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects3.
6、Significance and Use3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a new yarnspinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning production had been the traditional spinning since the early 1800s when handspinning became mechanized. Rotor s
7、pinning and other spinning technologies increased yarn production rates and formed yarnsby different mechanical means that generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-spun yarns. The revision of thisdocument is intended to compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into o
8、ne standard rather than individual standards,in that all yarn formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn by using common preparation steps, such asopening, cleaning, carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminology in this standard is grouped by the type ofspinning
9、system and in chronological order of their development and production usage. It should be noted that the higher end ofyarn number ranges cited with each spinning system are possible but are rare in actual production.4. Terminology4.1 Ring SpinningRing spinning is the oldest spinning system in use, t
10、herefore ring-spun yarns are the basis for comparingyarns produced from other spinning systems. See Fig. 1. Production rates are low when compared to new spinning systems. Theproduction delivery capability of ring spinning is limited by traveler velocity and the twist limits of the yarn number being
11、 made;the speed may range between 10 and 20 m/min. Ring spinning allows for the production of the widest range of yarn numbers from200 to 2 tex (Nec 3/1 to 300/1). Ring-spun yarns are produced by drafting rovings between pairs of rollers, twisting the draftedroving by passing it under a traveler tha
12、t rotates around a fixed ring on the frame of the spinning machine, and winding the twistedstrand on a removable bobbin mounted on a rotating spindle. Ring spun yarns are characterized by a uniform fiber orientationaround the yarn axis. See Fig. 1.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
13、 Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2012July 1, 2015. Published March 2012September 2015. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 asD3888 07D3888 12.1. DOI: 10.1520/D38
14、88-12.10.1520/D3888-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard
15、and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases onl
16、y the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1bobbin, na slightly tapered plastic cylinder, cylinder (can be slightly tapered; plast
17、ic or cardboard), mounted on a spindle of aring spinning frame on which yarn produced from drafting and twisting is wound.DISCUSSIONYarn from several ring frame bobbins is wound onto a cone or cheese to create a larger package from which it can be easily unwound for use inweaving, knitting, or other
18、 processes.carding, va mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiber spinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibers usingwire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibers into a sliver.carded yarn, nan organized, continuous strand of staple fibers produced by carding, drawing,
19、 roving formation, and spinning.(Compare with combed yarn.)combing, van optional mechanical preparation process undertaken to remove additional trash particles, neps, and short fibers(typically fibers less than 12.5 mm or 0.5 in.) from carded sliver to further align the remaining bed yarn, nan organ
20、ized, continuous strand of staple fibers produced by carding, roving, drawing, formation, combing, andspinning. (Compare with carded yarn.)DISCUSSIONCombed yarns produced on the same spinning system are, generally, stronger, more uniform with fewer imperfections, and have greater luster thancarded p
21、act spinning, na modified ring-spinning process that alters the geometry of the spinning twist triangle to produce a moreuniform structure by binding fibers into the body of the yarn. See Fig. 2.DISCUSSIONYarns produced from compact ring spinning exhibit reduced hairiness (see Fig. 3) and higher str
22、ength than conventional ring spun yarns in the sameyarn pact- (ring-) spun yarn, ncompact-spun yarn is characterized by reduced hairiness and higher strength than conventionalring spun yarns in the same fiber properties, yarn number, and twist per unit distance. See Fig. 3.drafting, vthe process of
23、attenuating a web, sliver or roving of staple fiber to increase its length per unit mass.DISCUSSIONDrafting is generally attained by passing a web, sliver or roving between pairs of rollers (or a combination of pairs of rollers with aprons), operatingat differing speeds.FIG. 1 Longitudinal Sections
24、of Ring (middle view), Rotor (bottom view) and Air Jet (top view) Yarns(Courtesy of Murata Machinery, Ltd.)D3888 152drafting zone, nthe location on a drawing, roving or spinning frame where pairs of rollers, cylinders, aprons or a combinationof the same, operate at differing surface speeds.DISCUSSIO
25、NThe differing surface speeds attenuate the material being processed, and control the number of fibers per cross-section.ring spinning machine, na machine that converts roving of staple fiber (produced from carded or combed sliver) into spun yarnby drafting, twisting, and winding onto a removable bo
26、bbin. (Syn. ring-spinning frame.) See Fig. 4.ring-spun yarn, nring-spun yarn is characterized by a uniform fiber orientation around the yarn axis. See Fig. 1.roving, nthe intermediate product between sliver and spinning that is a loose assembly of fibers drawn into a single strand thathas very littl
27、e twist.scratch-combed yarns, nthe process of combining comber and carded sliver to produce a continuous yarn strand of staple fibers.DISCUSSIONFIG. 2 Illustration of the Traditional Ring Spinning Drafting Triangle (left) and Compact Spinning Drafting (right)(Provisional Approval by Spindelfabrik Su
28、ssen, Stahlecker its spinning speeds may range between 150 to 250 m/min. It does notrequire either roving formation prior to spinning or an extra winding step after spinning. Its yarn number production range is 200to 15 tex (Nec 3/1 to 40/1). Rotor-spun yarns are characterized by some degree of rand
29、om fiber entanglements, called wraps, orwrappers, around the yarn axis. See Fig. 5.carding, nSee carding in 4.1.FIG. 4 Schematic Diagram of Ring Spinning(Courtesy of Cotton Incorporated)D3888 154collecting surface, nin the rotor of an open-end spinning machine, that portion of the internal surface o
30、f the rotor, often in theform of a groove, in which the fibers are condensed for assembly into yarn.doffing tube, na component of an open-end spinning machine which is an extension to the navel and is used to guide thewithdrawn yarn en route to the take-up rollers. (See also navel.)feed unit, nin an
31、 open-end spinning machine, the device which presents the fiber feed stock to the opening roller by either afeed roller and feed plate combination or interacting feed rollers. (See opening device.)fiber channel, na component of an open-end spinning machine through which the fibers are conveyed by an
32、 air current fromthe opening device to the rotor. (Syn. fiber transport tube.) (See also opening device.)DISCUSSIONDifferent navel designs will impact the physical properties of rotor-spun yarns.navel, na component of an open-end spinning machine located on the axis of the rotor through which the ya
33、rn is withdrawn fromthe rotor and which modifies the twist of the yarn inside the rotor. (See doffing tube). D13.58D3888FIG. 5 Schematic Diagram of Rotor SpinningD3888 155open-end spinning machine, na textile machine for converting staple fiber into spun yarn by a continuous process in which theindi
34、vidual fibers or groups of fibers are caused to assemble at the open end of the forming yarn. (See rotor-type open-endspinning machine) D13.58D3888open-end yarn, nsee rotor-spun yarn.opening device, nin open-end spinning, either a drafting system or an opening roller which separates the feed stock i
35、ntoindividual fibers or very small tufts prior to their reassembly into yarn.opening roller, na component of the opening device in open-end spinning machines, a roller covered with pins or teeth or similardevice used to separate the feed stock into individual fibers or very small tufts by a continuo
36、us combing action. (Syn. combingroll.)package, nplastic, open cylinder onto which rotor and air jet yarns are wound.rotor, nin open-end spinning machines, a device resembling a centrifuge, in which fibers are assembled and in which, by virtueof its rotation, twist is inserted into the end of the yar
37、n being formed.DISCUSSIONThe rotor separates fibers and incoming air. The air dissipates through holes in the rotor or over the rim of the rotor into the rotor housing where itis exhausted through an outlet duct.rotor, nin open-end spinning machines, a device resembling a centrifuge, in which the fi
38、bers are assembled and in which, byvirtue of its rotation, real twist is inserted in the forming yarn. D13.58D3888rotor groove, nthe collection slot inside the rotor cup on a rotor-spinning machine where fibers are assembled.rotor-type open-end spinning machine, nan open-end spinning machine wherein
39、 the assembly of individual fibers and theinsertion of real twist are affected by a rotor. (See also open-end spinning machine.) D13.58D3888rotor-spinning machine, na machine that converts sliver of staple fiber, usually carded, into a spun yarn by a process in whichfibers are opened and drawn by ai
40、r suction into a rotor cup rotating at a high rate of speed, where they become attached to aloose (open) end of yarn, exiting the rotor cup. (Syn. open-end spinning.) spinning machine.) See Fig. 5.rotor-spun yarn, nrotor-spun yarns are characterized by some degree of random fiber entanglements, call
41、ed wraps, or wrappers,around the yarn axis. (Syn. open-end spun yarn.) See Fig. 1.rotor-type open-end spinning machine, nan open-end spinning machine wherein the assembly of individual fibers and theinsertion of real twist are affected by a rotor. (See also open-end spinning machine.) D13.58D3888sep
42、arator, na component of some open-end spinning machines located inside the rotor that directs the incoming fibers to theslide surface.slide surface, nin the rotor of an open-end spinning machine, that part of the internal surface of the rotor on which the fibersare deposited and are caused to slide
43、to the collecting surface.take-up rollers, nin open-end spinning machines, a pair of closely set, continuously rotating cylinders which withdraw the spunyarn from the rotor.thin place, na yarn defect characterized by a segment that is substantially (at least 25 %) smaller in diameter than the averag
44、ediameter of the yarn. (See also thick place.) D13.58 D2255,D3990trash-removal device, nin open-end spinning machines, a system for removing impurities from the opened feed stock beforethe fibers are conveyed to the rotor.winding system, nin open-end spinning machines, a device which forms the yarn
45、package.wrapper fibers, nin rotor-spun yarns, fiber entanglements created during yarn formation that surround the circumference of theyarn cross section in random sequence but are not part of the twist helix.yarn package, ntubes, cones, and cheeses from which yarn can be unwound easily for use in we
46、aving, knitting, or otherprocesses.4.3 Air-Jet SpinningAir-jet spinning, as with rotor spinning does not require either roving prior to spinning or winding afterspinning. The yarn production capability of this technology can be up to double that of rotor spinning and triple that of ringspinning; spi
47、nning speeds range from 350 to 450 m/min. Air jet yarn numbers range from 39 to 7 tex (Nec 15/1 to 80/1). In air-jetspinning, sliver is drafted between drafting rollers, then pulled into an orifice by suction by airflow that creates a vortex. SimilarD3888 156to rotor-spun yarns, air-jet spun yarns a
48、lso exhibit a random fiber configuration along their length but, unlike rotor-spun yarns, donot exhibit wrapper fibers around their axis. See Fig. 1. Newer air-jet spinning technologies are called vortex spinning.air-jet spinning machine, na machine that converts slivers of staple fibers into spun y
49、arn using drafting rollers and a vortexcreated by an airflow suction orifice. See Fig. 6.air-jet spun yarn, nair-jet spun yarns exhibit a random fiber configuration along their length, but unlike rotor-spun yarns, donot exhibit wrapper fibers around their axis. See Fig. 1.carding, nSee carding in 4.1.delivery roller, nair-jet spinning frame component that controls yarn tension from the front roll through the nozzle box.drafting zone, nthe location on a spinning, draw, and roving
