1、Designation: D 3948 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining Water Separation Characteristics of AviationTurbine Fuels by Portable Separometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3948; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department o
3、f Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a rapid portable means for fieldand laboratory use to rate the ability of aviation turbine fuels torelease entrained or emulsified water when passed throughfiberglass coalescing material.1.2 The procedure section of this test method contains twodifferen
4、t modes of test equipment operation. The primarydifference between the modes of operation is the rate of fuelflow through the fiberglass coalescing material. Test methodselection is dependent on the particular fuel to be tested.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The
5、 values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
6、f regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD 2550 Method of Test for Water Separation Characteristicsof Aviation Turbine Fuels3D 3602 Test Method for Water Separation Characteristics ofAviation Turbine Fuels3D 4306
7、Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace Contamination2.2 Military Standards:4MIL-T-5624 Turbine Fuel, Aviation Grades JP-4, JP-5, andJP-5/JP-8 STMIL-T-38219 Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility, JP-7MIL-T-83133 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Types,NATO F 34 (JP-8), NATO F-3
8、5, and JP-8+1003. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 Micro-Separometer rating (MSEP)a numericalvalue indicating the ease of separating emulsified water fromfuel by coalescence as affected by the presence of surfaceactive materials (surfactants).3.1.1.1 DiscussionMSEP
9、 ratings obtained using Test Aand Test B are termed MSEP-Aand MSEP-B, respectively. TheMSEP rating is comparable to the Water Separometer Index,Modified (WSIM) and the Minisonic Separometer Surfactants(MSS) of Test Method D 2550 and field Test Method D 3602,respectively.3.1.1.2 DiscussionThe results
10、 of precision programs withthe Micro-Separometer and its correlation with other ratingmethods (Test Methods D 2550 and D 3602) are discussed inAppendix X3.53.1.2 reference fluidsfuels that have been, as a minimum,clay treated and, as required, subjected to a water wash processand passed through a fi
11、lter separator; and to which prescribedquantities of a known surface active agent (typically bis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate in toluene) have been added.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A water/fuel sample emulsion is created in a syringeusing a high-speed mixer. The emulsion is then expelled fro
12、mthe syringe at a programmed rate through a standard fiber-glasscoalescer and the effluent is analyzed for uncoalesced water by1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.05 on Fuel Clean
13、liness.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 394805.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
14、 volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and m
15、aybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D021050.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.a light transmission measurement. The results are reported ona
16、0-to-100 scale to the nearest whole number. High ratingsindicate the water is easily coalesced, implying that the fuel isrelatively free of surfactant materials. A test can be performedin 5 to 10 min.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a measure of the presence ofsurfactants in avia
17、tion turbine fuels. Like Test Methods D 2550and D 3602, this test method can detect carryover traces ofrefinery treating residues in fuel as produced. They can alsodetect surface active substances added to or picked up by thefuel during handling from point of production to point of use.Certain addit
18、ives can also have an adverse effect on the rating.Some of these substances affect the ability of filter separatorsto separate free water from the fuel.5.2 The Micro-Separometer has a measurement range from50 to 100. Values obtained outside of those limits are undefinedand invalid. In the event a va
19、lue greater than 100 is obtained,there is a good probability that light transmittance was reducedby material contained in the fuel used to set the 100 referencelevel. The material was subsequently removed during thecoalescing portion of the test, thus, the processed fuel had ahigher light transmitta
20、nce than the fuel sample used to obtainthe 100 reference level resulting in the final rating measuring inexcess of 100.5.3 Test Mode A function of the separometer will giveapproximately the same rating for Jet A, Jet A-1, MIL JP-5,MIL JP-7, and MIL JP-8 fuels as Test Methods D 2550 andD 3602. Using
21、Mode A water separation characteristic ratingsof Jet B and MIL JP-4 fuels will not necessarily be equivalentto Test Method D 2550 but will give approximately the samerating as Test Method D 3602. All Micro-Separometers haveTest Mode A capability.5.4 The Test Mode B option is used to determine waters
22、eparation ratings for MIL JP-4 fuels containing fuel systemcorrosion and icing inhibitors. These ratings are approximatelythe same as those obtained using Test Method D 2550.5.5 Selection of Mode A or Mode B depends on the specificfuel and specification requirement. Table 1 identifies therecommended
23、 test method for various fuels.5.6 The basic difference between ModesAand B is the flowrate at which the water/fuel emulsion is forced through thestandard fiberglass coalescer cell. The lapsed time required toforce the emulsion through the coalescer cell in Mode A is 456 2 s, whereas, Mode B require
24、s 25 6 1s.6. Apparatus6.1 A Micro-Separometer6,7is used to perform the test. Theunit is completely portable and self-contained, capable ofoperating on an internal rechargeable battery pack or beingconnected to an ac power source using power cords which areavailable for various voltages. Connection t
25、o an ac powersource will provide power to the unit and affect batteryrecharge. The accessories as well as the expendable materialsfor six tests can be packed in the cover of the lockable case.6.2 The Micro-Separometer Mark V Deluxe and associatedcontrol panel is shown in Fig. 1. The emulsifier is on
26、 the rightside of the raised panel and the syringe drive mechanism is onthe left side. The control panel containing the operatingcontrols is mounted on the fixed panel in the left side of thecase. Table 2 lists the manual and audio operating character-istics of the instrument.6.2.1 All of the contro
27、ls are located in a pushbutton array onthe control panel. The pushbuttons illuminate when depressedthus indicating operational status. A circuit breaker located onthe control panel provides protection for the ac power circuit.6.2.2 By depressing the ON pushbutton, the electroniccircuits are energize
28、d. The ON pushbutton pulses on and offwhen the instrument is being operated by an ac source andconstantly remains on when the battery (dc) pack is used. Thelettered pushbuttons will sequentially illuminate on and offindicating READY operational status.NOTE 1Of the lettered (A-G) pushbuttons, only th
29、e A and B push-buttons are applicable to this test method.6.2.3 The RESET pushbutton can be depressed at any timeto cancel the test in progress and restore the program to theinitial start mode. The lettered pushbuttons commence tosequentially illuminate, thus indicating a READY operationalstatus ena
30、bling test mode selection.6.2.4 Selection of Test Mode A or Test Mode B programs isaccomplished by depressing either the A or B lettered push-button. The depressed pushbutton illuminates and the sequen-tial illumination of the other lettered pushbuttons ceases. TheSTART pushbutton also illuminates.6
31、.2.5 The START pushbutton, when depressed initially,initiates the CLEAN cycle causing the syringe drive mecha-nism to travel to the UP position and the emulsifier motor tooperate for the cleaning operation.6.2.6 The START pushbutton, when depressed after theCLEAN cycle, initiates the automatic progr
32、am sequence caus-ing the read indicator and the two ARROWED pushbuttons toilluminate, indicating that a full-scale adjustment period is ineffect. A numerical value also appears on the meter.6The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis the Model 1140 Micro-Separom
33、eter Mark V Deluxe, available from EMCEEElectronics, Inc., 520 Cypress Ave., Venice, FL 34285. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical commit
34、tee,1which you may attend.7The Model 1140 Micro-Separometers Mark III and Mark V Standard versionsmay also be used, but they are no longer supported by the manufacturer. Foroperating procedures using these instruments, the user is referred to D 394887.TABLE 1 Applicable Test Mode for Various FuelsAv
35、ailable Test Mode(s)Fuel Applicable Test ModeJet A AJet A-1 AJet B AMIL JP-5 AMIL JP-7 AMIL JP-8 AMIL JP-4 BD39480726.2.7 The turbidimeter is located under the main controlpanel and consists of a well in which the sample vial is placed,a light source, and a photocell.6.2.8 By depressing the appropri
36、ate ARROWED pushbut-ton, the displayed value on the meter can be increased ordecreased, as required, to attain the 100 reference level for thevial of fuel sample in the turbidimeter.6.3 Accessory equipment and expendable materials neededto perform the test are shown in Fig. 2 and consist of thefollo
37、wing:6.3.1 Syringe Plug, (A)A plastic plug used to stopper thesyringe during the CLEAN and EMULSION cycles.6.3.2 Syringe, (Barrel (B) and Plunger (C)A disposableplastic syringe.6.3.2.1 Use of syringes other than those demonstrated to befree of surfactant contamination in a precision program such asd
38、escribed in Section 12 will render test results invalid.6.3.3 Vials,(D), 25-mm outside diameter vial premarked forproper alignment in the turbidimeter well.6.3.4 Alumicel,8Coalescer (E), is an expendable, precali-brated aluminum coalescer cell with a tapered end to fit thesyringe. The coalescer has
39、three labels as follows: AlumicelD 3948JET FUEL.8A registered trademark of EMCEE Electronics, Inc.FIG. 1 Micro-Separometer Mark V Deluxe and Associated Control PanelFIG. 2 Test Supplies and Small PartsTABLE 2 Manual and Audio Operating Characteristics of theVarious Model 1140 Micro-Separometer Instr
40、umentsAvailable Test Mode(s) Deluxe A and BFunctionTest Mode Select PushbuttonMode A Depress AMode B Depress BSyringe Drive Not requiredSpeed SelectionClean Cycle STARTDepressPushbuttonAutomatic SequenceInitiate STARTCancel RESET1st Meter Read1st Meter DepressAdjust ARROWEDPushbuttons2nd Meter Read2
41、nd Meter DepressAdjust ARROWEDPushbuttonsCollect Sample Short Tone and C/SAnnunciator LampIlluminates3rd Meter ReadRecord Pulsed Tone Sounds 5 sMeasurement into 3rd Meter ReadD39480736.3.5 Pipet, (G) with Plastic Tip (F)An automatic handpipet with a disposable plastic tip.Apipet is supplied with eac
42、hMicro-Separometer.6.3.6 Water Container (H)A clean container of distilledwater (supplied with each six pack).6.3.7 Beaker, Catch Pan, or Plastic ContainerSuppliedwith each Micro-Separometer may be used to receive the wastefuel during the coalescence period of the test (not shown).6.4 A new syringe,
43、 pipet tip, test sample vials, syringe plug,Alumicel coalescer, and distilled water are used in each test.These expendable materials are available in a kit, termedMicro-Separometer Six Pack, containing supplies for six tests(Fig. 3).97. Reagents7.1 Aerosol OT, solid (100 % dry) bis-2-ethylhexyl sodi
44、umsulfosuccinate.7.2 Toluene, ACS reagent grade. (WarningFlammable.Vapor harmful.).7.3 Dispersing AgentToluene solution (WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.) containing 1 mg of Aerosol OTper millilitre of toluene.7.4 Reference Fluid BaseA surfactant-free clean hydro-carbon material which is used to ver
45、ify proper operation and isprepared in the manner described in Appendix X1.(WarningFlammable. Vapor harmful.)7.5 Reference Fluids(WarningFlammable. Vaporharmful.) (for checking the operational performance of theMicro-Separometer instrumentation) consist of increasing con-centrations (0 to 1.2 mL/L)
46、of dispersing agent added to thereference fluid base. The MSEP-A ratings for this range ofconcentration appear in Table 3 for Jet A, Jet A-1, MIL JP-5,MIL JP-7, and MIL JP-8 fuels, and in Table 4 for Jet B fuelsusing Mode A. The MSEP-B ratings for MIL JP-4 fuels usingMode B are shown in Table 5. The
47、 reference fluids are testedas described in Section 10 using the applicable mode ofoperation. If the results do not fall within the range of limitsshown in Tables 3-5, the reference fluid shall be discarded, afresh quantity of reference fluid prepared, and the checkrepeated. Repeated out-of-toleranc
48、e test results are cause forreturning the instrument to the factory for adjustment andcalibration.10NOTE 2The reference fluid base should have standard MSEP rating of99+ without any dispersing agent; otherwise, the results may not beindicative of the accuracy of the instrument. Values obtained outsi
49、de themeasurement range from 50 to 100 are undefined and invalid.7.5.1 Reference fluid shall be prepared by adding dispersingagent as described in 7.3 to a suitable quantity of reference fuelbase contained in a properly equilibrated container or graduate.7.5.1.1 If a new or nonequilibrated container is used, theadditive may adsorb on the walls and the MSEP ratings mayimprove significantly. To equilibrate the container surface, anadditive blend should be held for a minimum of 24 h,discarded, and replaced with a fresh blend.7.5.1.2 For field use, instrument calibr
