1、Designation: D 3951 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Practice forCommercial Packaging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements forpackaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammuni-tion, explosives, or hazardous material
3、s, as covered in Title 49of the Code of Federal Regulations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-b
4、ility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:Title 49 Transportation (Parts 100 to 199)33
5、. Terminology3.1 Terminology found in Terminology D 996 shall apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 safe deliveryin packaging, delivery of a shipment toits destination with minimal damage to the package and nodamage to the contents.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice co
6、vers the requirements for the commer-cial preservation, packaging, packing unitization and markingfor supplies and equipment. It includes the minimum require-ments for physical and mechanical protection and provides formultiple handling, shipment by any mode, and storage periodsfor a minimum of 1 ye
7、ar in enclosed facilities without damageto the product. It also provides for package quantities suitablefor redistribution without additional repackaging or marking.5. Requirements5.1 GeneralThe following requirements, unless specifi-cally changed by the contract or order, shall apply. Suppliersare
8、encouraged to use advanced packaging technology.5.1.1 PackagingPreservation, packaging, packing, andmarking furnished by the suppliers shall meet or exceed thefollowing minimum requirements:5.1.1.1 Cleanliness Items shall be free of dirt and othercontaminants which would contribute to deterioration
9、of theitem or which would require cleaning by the customer prior touse. Coatings and preservatives applied to the item for protec-tion are not considered contaminants.5.1.1.2 Preservation Items susceptible to corrosion ordeterioration shall be provided protection such as preservativecoatings, volati
10、le corrosion inhibitors, or desiccated unit packs.5.1.1.3 CushioningItems requiring protection from physi-cal and mechanical damage or which are fragile shall beprotected by wrapping, cushioning, pack compartmentization,cartonizing, or other means to mitigate shock and vibration toprevent damage dur
11、ing handling and shipment.5.1.2 Unit Package:5.1.2.1 Unit Package A unit package shall be so designedand constructed that it will contain the contents with nodamage to them, and with minimal damage to the unit packduring shipment and storage in the shipping container, and willallow subsequent handli
12、ng.5.1.2.2 Unit Package QuantityUnless otherwise speci-fied, the unit package quantity shall be one each part, set, orassembly. Excepted are small lightweight items, for example,industrial hardware, which will be unit packaged in quantitiesthat are standard in the trade and suitable for retail sales
13、. Bulkpackaging is specifically excluded unless specified in thecontract or order.5.1.3 Intermediate Package:5.1.3.1 The use of intermediate packaging is encouragedparticularly when such use enhances handling and inventory-ing.5.1.4 Packing:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
14、D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.18 on Miscellaneous Packag-ing.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1998. Published January 1999. Originallypublished as D 3951 80. Last previous edition D 3951 95.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
15、orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 10
16、0 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.4.1 Unit packages and intermediate packages not meet-ing the requirements for a shipping container shall be packed inshipping containers.5.1.4.2 Shipping ContainersThe shipping container (in-cluding any necessary b
17、locking, bracing, cushioning, or water-proofing) shall comply with the regulations of the carrier usedand shall provide safe delivery to the destination at the lowesttariff cost. It shall be capable of multiple handling and storageunder favorable conditions, such as enclosed facilities, for aminimum
18、 of 1 year.5.1.5 UnitizationShipments should be considered forunitization where appropriate or specified. Unitization encom-passes, but is not limited to, bundling, consolidation in acontainer, or placement on a pallet. All desired markings shallbe as specified. All markings shall be legible, durabl
19、e, andidentify the contents of the shipment unit.5.1.6 Marking:5.1.6.1 Unit and Intermediate MarkingMarking for theunit and intermediate container shall mean those used in thecommercial distribution or over-the-counter retail sales. Themarkings shall be sufficient to clearly and visibly identify the
20、contents of the package.5.1.6.2 Shipping Container MarkingsMinimum markingsshall include the name and address of consignee and consignorand any applicable precautionary markings. Other desiredmarking shall be as specified. All markings shall be legible,durable, and identify the contents of the packa
21、ge.6. Options6.1 Export ShipmentsThis practice can be used for exportshipments when favorable conditions are provided, such ascontainerization media and enclosed areas of receiving.7. Performance Testing7.1 The use of Practice D 4169 is recommended for deter-mining the performance level of a shippin
22、g unit.7.2 The supplier is responsible for requirements specifiedherein. The purchaser reserves the right to perform any or all ofthe tests.7.2.1 Packaging used shall successfully pass the test levelsof Practice D 4169, Distribution Cycle 1. Export shipmentsshall also pass the test levels of Distrib
23、ution Cycles 15, 16, or17 as appropriate.Assurance Level II shall be used.Acceptanceshall be criterion I, no product damage.8. Keywords8.1 commercial packaging; intermediate; packaging; preser-vation; unit packageASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asser
24、ted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by
25、the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv
26、e careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Intern
27、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 3951 98 (2004)2
