1、Designation: D3951 10Standard Practice forCommercial Packaging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates
2、the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements forpackaging of supplies and equipment,
3、 exclusive of ammuni-tion, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49of the Code of Federal Regulations.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address al
4、l of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of
5、Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD1974 Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Rein-forcing Fiberboard BoxesD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of FiberboardShipping BoxesD5168 Practice for Fabrication and Closu
6、re of Triple-WallCorrugated Fiberboard ContainersD5445 Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling ofGoodsD6039/D6039M Specification for Open and Covered WoodCratesD6251/D6251M Specification for Wood-Cleated Panel-board Shipping BoxesD6254/D6254M Specification for Wirebound Pallet-TypeWood BoxesD62
7、55/D6255M Specification for Steel or Aluminum Slot-ted Angle CratesD6256/D6256M Specification for Wood-Cleated ShippingBoxes with Skidded, Load-Bearing BasesD6880 Specification for Wood BoxesD7478/D7478M Specification for Heavy Duty SheathedWood Crates2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:3Title 49 Transp
8、ortation (Parts 100 to 199)2.3 Military and Federal Standards:4MIL-STD-129 Military Marking for Shipment and StorageMIL-STD-20731 Standard Practice for Military PackagingFED-STD-123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)2.4 International Standards:5ISPM Publication No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging
9、Material in International Trade (International Standardsfor Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM)3. Terminology3.1 Terminology found in Terminology D996 shall apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 CONUSContinental United States (excluding Ha-waii and Alaska).3.2.2 immediate useused
10、or consumed within seven daysof receipt.3.2.3 safe deliveryin packagingdelivery of a shipmentto its destination with minimal damage to the package and nodamage to the contents.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commer-cial preservation, packaging, packing (exter
11、ior container),unitization, and marking for supplies and equipment. It pro-vides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, andstorage periods of a minimum of one year in enclosed facilitieswithout damage to the product. It also provides for package1This practice is under the jurisdiction of AS
12、TM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.18 on Miscellaneous Packag-ing (Disbanded 8/2010).Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D3951 98 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/D39
13、51-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gover
14、nment PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.4Available from Document Automation and Production Service, Building 4/D,700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094,. http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch5Available from the International Plant Protection Convention at http:/www.aphis.usda.gov/import_
15、export/plants/plant_exports/wpm/index.shtml.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repack-aging or marking. Planned storage that exceeds one yearrequires more than mi
16、nimum requirements for physical andmechanical protection.4.2 This practice is applicable to Department of Defenseshipments for:4.2.1 Items intended for immediate use;4.2.2 Items for not-mission-capable supply;4.2.3 Items intended for depot operational consumption;4.2.4 Small parcel shipments (CONUS)
17、, not-for-stock; and4.2.5 Direct vendor deliveries (CONUS ONLY).4.3 All other Department of Defense shipments shall be inaccordance with MIL-STD-20731.5. Requirements5.1 GeneralThe following requirements, unless specifi-cally changed by the contract or order, shall apply. Suppliersare encouraged to
18、use advanced packaging technology.5.1.1 PackagingPreservation, packaging, packing, andmarking furnished by the suppliers shall meet or exceed thefollowing minimum requirements:5.1.1.1 CleanlinessItems shall be free of dirt and othercontaminants which would contribute to deterioration of theitem or w
19、hich would require cleaning by the customer prior touse. Coatings and preservatives applied to the item for protec-tion are not considered contaminants.5.1.1.2 PreservationItems susceptible to corrosion or de-terioration shall be provided protection such as preservativecoatings, barrier protection,
20、volatile corrosion inhibitors, ordesiccated unit packs.5.1.1.3 CushioningItems requiring protection from physi-cal and mechanical damage or which are fragile shall beprotected by wrapping, cushioning, pack compartmentization,cartonizing, or other means to mitigate shock and vibration toprevent damag
21、e during handling and shipment.5.1.1.4 Loose-fill Cushioning/DunnageLoose-fill materialshall be prohibited for all Department of Defense (DoD) and/orGeneral Services Administration (GSA) shipments and ship-ments to aerospace facilities.5.1.2 Unit Package:5.1.2.1 Unit Package A unit package shall be
22、so designedand constructed that it will contain the contents with nodamage to them, and with minimal damage to the unit packduring shipment and storage in the shipping container configu-ration, and shall allow subsequent handling.5.1.2.2 Unit Package QuantityUnless otherwise specifiedin the contract
23、 or purchase order, the unit package quantityshall be one each part, set, or assembly, except for smalllightweight items, for example, industrial hardware, which willbe unit packaged in quantities that are standard in the trade andsuitable for retail sales. Single items weighing over 5 lb shallbe in
24、dividually packaged.5.1.2.3 Bulk packaging shall be specifically excluded unlessspecified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.3 Intermediate Package:5.1.3.1 The use of intermediate packaging is encouragedparticularly when such use enhances handling and storage.5.1.4 Packing:5.1.4.1 Unit packages a
25、nd intermediate packages not meet-ing the requirements for a shipping container shall be packed inshipping containers.5.1.4.2 Shipping ContainersThe shipping container (in-cluding any necessary blocking, bracing, cushioning, or waterresistance) shall comply with the regulations of the carrier usedan
26、d shall provide safe delivery to the destination. The shippingcontainer shall be capable of multiple handling and storageperiods at a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities withoutdamage to the product. Table 1 provides suggested size andweight limits for shipping containers and may be used for
27、unitand intermediate packages when specifying a fiberboard con-tainer, wood box, or crate.5.1.4.3 All containers shall be tested to meet Practice D4169test standards when specified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.5 UnitizationShipments should be considered forunitization where appropriate or a
28、s specified in the contract orpurchase order. Unitization encompasses, but is not limited to,bundling, consolidation in a container, or placement on a pallet.5.1.6 Marking:5.1.6.1 Unit and Intermediate MarkingMarking for theunit and intermediate container shall mean those used in thecommercial distr
29、ibution or over-the-counter retail sales. Themarkings shall be sufficient to clearly and visibly identify thecontents of the package. When the unit or intermediatecontainer is also the shipping container the requirements of5.1.6.2 shall apply. Unless otherwise specified in the contract/purchase orde
30、r, the following are the minimum requirements:(1) Part number and/or UPC barcode part number,(2) Product name or nomenclature,(3) Quantity and unit of issue,(4) Manufacture retail markings,TABLE 1 Weight and Size Limits of Shipping ContainersContainer Standard Maximum Outside Dimensions,length + wid
31、th + depthMaximum Weight ofBoxes and Contents (lb)Practice D5118/D5118M SW Corrugated $40 and #105 in.DW Corrugated $85 and #120 in.#120#180Practice D5168 TW Corrugated $110 and #125 in. #300Specification D6251/D6251MAAs required #1000Specification D6880AAs required #1000Specification D6256/D6256MA#
32、16 ft #2500Specification D6254/D6254MAAs required #2500Specification D6255/D6255MAAs required #3000Specification D6039/D6039MAAs required #4000Specification D7478/D7478MA30 ft L 3 9ftW3 10 ft H #30 000AContainers with length and width greater than 48 in. shall be designed with four-way entry lift ca
33、pability. Containers with gross weight over 100 lb shall have 2-wayforklift entry at a minimum.D3951 102(5) Country of origin marking,(6) Shelf-life markings (expiration date/inspection date/date of manufacture), if applicable,(7) Storage legends, if applicable, and(8) Precautionary markings, if app
34、licable.5.1.6.2 Shipping Container MarkingsAll markings shallbe legible, durable, and identify the contents of the package,and if required, include pictorial markings as identified inPractice D5445. Unless otherwise specified in the contract/purchase order, the following are the minimum requirements
35、:(1) Consignee and consignor address,(2) Applicable precautionary markings,(3) Part number and/or UPC barcode part number,(4) Product name or nomenclature,(5) Quantity and unit of issue,(6) Manufacturer retail markings,(7) Contract number/purchase order number,(8) Country of origin marking,(9) Shelf
36、-life marking (expiration date/inspection date/dateof manufacture), if applicable,(10) Storage legends, if applicable, and(11) Precautionary markings, if applicable.5.1.6.3 Unitization MarkingsAll desired markings shallbe as specified in the contract /purchase order. All markingsshall be legible, du
37、rable, and identify the contents of theshipment unit, and if required, include pictorial markings asidentified in Practice D5445.5.1.6.4 Wood Packaging Material (WPM)If wood pack-aging material is used for export from or import to the UnitedStates, the supplier shall comply with the requirements ofI
38、SPM Publication No. 15.5.1.6.5 Container Markings for DoDFor all shipments tothe Department of Defense, the marking shall be in accordancewith MIL-STD-129. Any additional marking requirementsshall be specified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.6.6 Container Markings for Government CivilAgenciesF
39、or all shipments to government civil agencies,such as the General Services Administration (GSA), themarking shall be in accordance with FED-STD-123. Anyadditional marking requirements shall be specified in thecontract or purchase order.5.1.6.7 Items without Adequate Surface for LabelsItemswithout ad
40、equate surface for labels shall be marked in accor-dance with 5.1.6.1 by means of a tag securely affixed to theitem.6. Options6.1 Export ShipmentsWhen permitted by the contract orpurchase order, this practice may be used for export shipmentswhen favorable conditions are provided, such as containeriz
41、a-tion media and enclosed areas of receiving. Additional preser-vation methods and the use of weather-resistant grades may berequired to ensure the packaging successfully protects the itemin the export shipping environment. Ensure unit, intermediateand shipping containers are weather-resistant grade
42、s whenshipping overseas. Containers should be sealed as opposed toclosed (see Practice D1974).7. Performance Testing7.1 The use of Practice D4169 shall be required whendetermining the performance level of a shipping unit.7.2 The supplier shall be responsible for requirementsspecified herein and in t
43、he contract or purchase order. Thepurchaser reserves the right to perform any or all of the tests.7.2.1 Packaging used shall successfully pass the test levelsof Practice D4169, Distribution Cycle 1. Export shipmentsshall also pass the test levels of Distribution Cycles 15, 16, or17 as appropriate.As
44、surance Level II shall be used.Acceptanceshall be criterion I, no product damage.7.3 Packaging shall be capable of successfully passing thetest levels of Practice D4169 Distribution Cycle 18 for ship-ments destined for delivery to the Department of Defense.7.3.1 Shipments destined for delivery to an
45、 overseas loca-tion as defined in the contract shall meet Assurance Level I.7.3.2 Shipments destined for delivery to customers withinthe continental United States shall meet Assurance Level II.8. Keywords8.1 commercial packaging; intermediate; packaging; preser-vation; unit packageASTM International
46、 takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their ow
47、n responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be ad
48、dressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, a
49、t the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D3951 103
