1、Designation: D3951 15D3951 18Standard Practice forCommercial Packaging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies
3、and equipment, exclusive of ammunition,explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport
4、 to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international
5、 standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2.
6、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD1974/D1974M Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard BoxesD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsD4727/D4727M Specification for Corrugate
7、d and Solid Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut ShapesD5118/D5118M Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping BoxesD5168 Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard ContainersD5445 Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of GoodsD6039/D6039M Speci
8、fication for Open and Covered Wood CratesD6251/D6251M Specification for Wood-Cleated Panelboard Shipping BoxesD6254/D6254M Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type Wood BoxesD6255/D6255M Specification for Steel or Aluminum Slotted Angle CratesD6256/D6256M Specification for Wood-Cleated Shipping Boxes
9、 with Skidded, Load-Bearing BasesD6880/D6880M Specification for Wood BoxesD7478/D7478M Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:3Title 49 Transportation (Parts 100 to 199)2.3 Military and Federal Standards:4MIL-STD-129 Military Marking for Shipment and Storage
10、MIL-STD-147 Palletized Unit LoadsMIL-STD-20731 Standard Practice for Military Packaging1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.27 on Fiberboard ShippingContainers, Containerboard and Related Structures and Mate
11、rials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015May 1, 2018. Published February 2016July 2018. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 asD3951 10.D3951 15. DOI: 10.1520/D3951-15.10.1520/D3951-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contac
12、tASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.4 Available from DocumentAutomation and
13、 Production Service, Building 4/D, 700 RobbinsAvenue, Philadelphia, PA19111-5094,. http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearchThis document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit m
14、ay not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
15、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1FED-STD-123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)2.4 International Standards:5ISPM Publication No. 15 Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade (International Standards forPhytosanitary Measures (ISPM)3. Termi
16、nology3.1 Terminology found in Terminology D996 shall apply.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 CONUSContinental United States (excluding Hawaii and Alaska).3.2.2 immediate useused or consumed within seven days of receipt.3.2.3 safe deliveryin packagingdelivery of a shipment to
17、its destination with minimal damage to the package and no damageto the contents.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, packing (exterior container), unitization,and marking for supplies and equipment. It provides for multiple hand
18、ling and shipment by any mode, and storage periods of aminimum of one year in enclosed facilities without degradation or damage to the product. product within the container. It alsoprovides for package quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking. Planned storage
19、that exceedsone year requires more than minimum requirements for physical and mechanical protection.4.2 This practice is applicable to Department of Defense shipments for:4.2.1 Items intended for immediate use;4.2.2 Items for not-mission-capable supply;4.2.3 Items intended for depot operational cons
20、umption;4.2.4 Small parcel shipments (CONUS), not-for-stock; and4.2.5 Direct vendor deliveries (CONUS ONLY).4.3 All other Department of Defense shipments shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-20731.5. Requirements5.1 GeneralThe following requirements, unless specifically changed by the contract or ord
21、er, shall apply. Suppliers areencouraged to use advanced packaging technology.5.1.1 PackagingPreservation, packaging, packing, and marking furnished by the suppliers shall meet or exceed the followingminimum requirements:5.1.1.1 CleanlinessItems shall be free of dirt and other contaminants which wou
22、ld contribute to deterioration of the item orwhich would require cleaning by the customer prior to use. Coatings and preservatives applied to the item for protection are notconsidered contaminants.5.1.1.2 PreservationItems susceptible to corrosion or deterioration shall be provided protection such a
23、s preservative coatings,barrier protection, volatile corrosion inhibitors, or desiccated unit packs.5.1.1.3 CushioningItems requiring protection from physical and mechanical damage or which are fragile shall be protectedby wrapping, cushioning, pack compartmentization, cartonizing, or other means to
24、 mitigate shock and vibration to prevent damageduring handling and shipment.5.1.1.4 Loose-fill Cushioning/Dunnage Loose-fill material shall be prohibited for all Department of Defense (DoD) and/orGeneral Services Administration (GSA) shipments and shipments to aerospace facilities.5.1.2 Unit Package
25、:5.1.2.1 Unit Package A unit package shall be so designed and constructed that it will contain the contents with no damageto them, and with minimal damage to the unit pack during shipment and storage in the shipping container configuration, and shallallow subsequent handling.5.1.2.2 Unit Package Qua
26、ntityUnless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase order, the unit package quantity shall beone each part, set, or assembly, except for small lightweight items, for example, industrial hardware, which will be unit packagedin quantities that are standard in the trade and suitable for retail
27、sales. Single items weighing over 5 lb shall be individuallypackaged.5.1.2.3 Bulk packaging shall be specifically excluded unless specified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.3 Intermediate Package:5.1.3.1 The use of intermediate packaging is encouraged particularly when such use enhances handlin
28、g and storage.5.1.4 Packing:5 Available from the International Plant Protection Convention at http:/www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_exports/wpm/index.shtml.D3951 1825.1.4.1 Unit packages and intermediate packages not meeting the requirements for a shipping container shall be packed ins
29、hipping containers.5.1.4.2 Shipping ContainersThe shipping container (including any necessary blocking, bracing, cushioning, or waterresistance) shall comply with the regulations of the carrier used and shall provide safe delivery to the destination. The shippingcontainer shall be capable of multipl
30、e handling and storage periods at a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities withoutdegradation or damage to the product. Table 1 provides suggested size and weight limits for shipping containers and may be usedfor unit and intermediate packages when specifying a fiberboard container, wood box, or
31、 crate.5.1.4.3 All containers shall be tested to meet Practice D4169 test standards when specified in the contract or purchase order.5.1.5 UnitizationShipments should be considered for unitization where appropriate or as specified in the contract or purchaseorder. Unitization encompasses, but is not
32、 limited to, bundling, consolidation in a container, or placement on a pallet. Palletizedunit loads shipped to the Department of Defense shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-147 and contractual requirements.5.1.6 Marking:5.1.6.1 Unit and Intermediate MarkingMarking for the unit and intermediate conta
33、iner shall mean those used in thecommercial distribution or over-the-counter retail sales. The markings shall be sufficient to clearly and visibly identify the contentsof the package. When the unit or intermediate container is also the shipping container the requirements of 5.1.6.2 shall apply.Unles
34、s otherwise specified in the contract/purchase order, the following are the minimum requirements:(1) Part number and/or UPC barcode part number,(2) Product name or nomenclature,(3) Quantity and unit of issue,(4) Manufacture retail markings,(5) Shelf-life markings (expiration date/inspection date/dat
35、e of manufacture), if applicable,(6) Storage legends, if applicable, and(7) Precautionary markings, if applicable.5.1.6.2 Shipping Container MarkingsAll markings shall be legible, durable, and identify the contents of the package, and ifrequired, include pictorial markings as identified in Practice
36、D5445. Unless otherwise specified in the contract /purchase order, thefollowing are the minimum requirements:(1) Consignee and consignor address,(2) Applicable precautionary markings,(3) Part number and/or UPC barcode part number,(4) Product name or nomenclature,(5) Quantity and unit of issue,(6) Ma
37、nufacturer retail markings,(7) Contract number/purchase order number,(8) Shelf-life marking (expiration date/inspection date/date of manufacture), if applicable,(9) Storage legends, if applicable, and(10) Precautionary markings, if applicable.5.1.6.3 Unitization MarkingsAll desired markings shall be
38、 as specified in the contract /purchase order. All markings shall belegible, durable, and identify the contents of the shipment unit, and if required, include pictorial markings as identified in PracticeD5445.5.1.6.4 Wood Packaging Material (WPM)If wood packaging material is used for export from or
39、import to the United States,the or for all shipments to the Department of Defense, the supplier shall comply with the requirements of ISPM Publication No.15.5.1.6.5 Unit, Intermediate, and Shipping Container Markings for DoDFor all shipments to the Department of Defense, themarking shall be in accor
40、dance with MIL-STD-129. Any additional marking requirements shall be specified in the contract orpurchase order.TABLE 1 Weight and Size Limits of Shipping ContainersContainer Standard Maximum Outside Dimensions,length + width + depthMaximum Weight ofBoxes and Contents (lb)Practice D5118/D5118M SW Co
41、rrugated $40 and #105 in.DW Corrugated $85 and #120 in.#120#180Practice D5168 TW Corrugated $110 and #125 in. #300Specification D6251/D6251MA As required #1000Specification D6880/D6880MA As required #1000Specification D6256/D6256MA #16 ft #2500Specification D6254/D6254MA As required #2500Specificati
42、on D6255/D6255MA As required #3000Specification D6039/D6039MA As required #4000Specification D7478/D7478MA 30 ft L 9 ft W 10 ft H #30 000A Containers with length and width greater than 48 in. shall be designed with four-way entry lift capability. Containers with gross weight over 100 lb shall have 2
43、-way forkliftentry at a minimum.D3951 1835.1.6.6 Container Markings for Government Civil AgenciesFor all shipments to government civil agencies, such as theGeneral Services Administration (GSA), the marking shall be in accordance with FED-STD-123. Any additional markingrequirements shall be specifie
44、d in the contract or purchase order.5.1.6.7 Items without Adequate Surface for LabelsItems without adequate surface for labels shall be marked in accordancewith 5.1.6.1 by means of a tag securely affixed to the item.6. Options6.1 Export ShipmentsWhen permitted by the contract or purchase order, this
45、 practice may be used for export shipments whenfavorable conditions are provided, such as containerization media and enclosed areas of receiving.Additional preservation methodsand the use of weather-resistant grades may be required to ensure the packaging successfully protects the item in the export
46、shipping environment. Ensure unit, intermediate and shipping containers are weather-resistant grades when shipping overseas.Containers should be sealed as opposed to closed (see Practice D1974/D1974M).7. Performance Testing7.1 The use of Practice D4169 shall be required when determining the performa
47、nce level of a shipping unit.7.2 The supplier shall be responsible for requirements specified herein and in the contract or purchase order. The purchaserreserves the right to perform any or all of the tests.7.2.1 Packaging used shall successfully pass the test levels of Practice D4169, Distribution
48、Cycle 1. Export shipments shall alsopass the test levels of Distribution Cycles 15, 16, or 17 as appropriate. Assurance Level II shall be used. Acceptance shall becriterion I, no product damage.7.3 Packaging shall be capable of successfully passing the test levels of Practice D4169 Distribution Cycl
49、e 18 for shipmentsdestined for delivery to the Department of Defense.7.3.1 Shipments destined for delivery to an overseas location as defined in the contract shall meet Assurance Level I.7.3.2 Shipments destined for delivery to customers within the continental United States shall meet Assurance Level II.8. Keywords8.1 commercial packaging; intermediate; packaging; preservation; unit packageAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SELECTION AND USE OF INTERNAL CUSHIONING AND DUNNAGE MATERIALSX1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 This appendix covers guidelines for the se
