1、Designation: D3960 05 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forDetermining Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content ofPaints and Related Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3960; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 Th
3、is practice measures the volatile organic compound(VOC) content of solventborne and waterborne paints andrelated coatings as determined from the quantity of materialreleased from a sample under specified bake conditions andsubtracting exempt volatile compounds and water if present.NOTE 1The regulato
4、ry definition, under the control of the U.S. EPA,can change. To ensure currency, contact the local air pollution controlagency.1.2 This practice provides a guide to the selection ofappropriate ASTM test methods for the determination of VOCcontent.1.3 Certain organic compounds that may be released un
5、derthe specified bake conditions are not counted toward coatingVOC content because they do not participate appreciably inatmospheric photochemical reactions. Such negligibly photo-chemically reactive compounds are referred to, as exemptvolatile compounds in this practice.NOTE 2Information on the US
6、EPAdefinition of VOC and a list of thecurrent US EPA approved exempt volatile compounds which have beenused in coatings, are provided in Appendix X3.1.4 VOC content is calculated as a function of (1) thevolume of coating less water and exempt volatile compounds,and (2) the volume of coating solids,
7、and (3) the weight ofcoating solids.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health,
8、 and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internation
9、al Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,and Related ProductsD2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of CoatingsD2697 Te
10、st Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clearor Pigmented CoatingsD2832 Guide for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile Con-tent of Paint and Related CoatingsD3792 Test Method for Water Content of Coatings by DirectInjection Into a Gas ChromatographD3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Rel
11、atedPigmented CoatingsD4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materialsby Karl Fischer MethodD4457 Test Method for Determination of Dichloromethaneand 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in Paints and Coatings byDirect Injection into a Gas ChromatographD5095 Test Method for Determination of the Nonvolatil
12、eContent in Silanes, Siloxanes and Silane-Siloxane BlendsUsed in Masonry Water Repellent TreatmentsD5201 Practice for Calculating Formulation Physical Con-stants of Paints and CoatingsD5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Cur-able MaterialsD6093 Test Method for Percent Volume Nonvolat
13、ile Matterin Clear or Pigmented Coatings Using a Helium GasPycnometerD6133 Test Method for Acetone, p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.21
14、 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3960 05 (2013).DOI: 10.1520/D3960-05R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orconta
15、ct ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standa
16、rd was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Methyl
17、Acetate or t-Butyl Acetate Content of Solvent-borne and Waterborne Paints, Coatings, Resins, and RawMaterials by Direct Injection Into a Gas ChromatographD6419 Test Method for Volatile Content of Sheet-Fed andColdset Web Offset Printing InksD6438 Test Method for Acetone, Methyl Acetate, andParachlor
18、obenzotrifluoride Content of Paints, and Coat-ings by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatogra-phyD6886 Test Method for Determination of the Weight PercentIndividual Volatile Organic Compounds in WaterborneAir-Dry Coatings by Gas ChromatographyE180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMe
19、thods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)32.2 Other Documents:EPAFederal Reference Method 24 Determination of VolatileMatter Content, Density, Volume Solids, and WeightSolids of Surface Coatings4EPA 450/3-84-019 U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyProcedu
20、res for Certifying Quantity of Organic CompoundEmitted by Paint, Ink, and Other Coatings43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 exempt volatile compound, norganic compoundsthat do not participate significantly in atmospheric photochemi-cal reactions.3.1.2 nonvolatile material, nthe solid material remai
21、ningafter volatiles have been removed from a coating underspecified test conditions.3.1.3 volatile organic compound (VOC), nany organiccompound that participates in atmospheric photochemicalreactions.3.1.3.1 DiscussionInformation on the US EPA definitionof VOC and a list of the current US EPAand app
22、roved exemptvolatile compounds which have been used in coatings, areprovided in Appendix X3.3.1.4 volatile organic compound content (VOC content),nthe mass of VOC released from a coating under specifiedtest conditions.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVOC content is expressed in this prac-tice as a function of: (1)
23、 the coating volume less water andexempt volatile compounds, and (2) the volume of coatingsolids and (3) the weight of coating solids.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Take a representative sample of the liquid coating inaccordance with Practice D3925. Mix thoroughly before takingspecimens for individual te
24、sts. If air bubbles becomeentrapped, stir by hand until the air has been removed.4.2 The volatile content, density, water content, volumesolids and exempt solvent content of the coating are deter-mined in accordance with designated methods and instructions.For multicomponent coatings, the components
25、 are first mixedin the appropriate ratios and the applicable values determinedon the mixture. These values are combined using specifiedequations to calculate the VOC content of the coating.NOTE 3In Reference Method 24 the U.S. EPA defines a waterbornecoating as any coating with more than 5 % water b
26、y weight in its volatilefraction, and requires/allows water determination for waterborne coatingsonly.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice discusses applicable ASTM test methodsused in the determination of the VOC content of paints andrelated coatings and provides equations for calculating theVO
27、C content expressed as the mass of VOC: (1) per unitvolume of coating less water and exempt volatile compounds,and (2) per unit volume of coating solids and (3) per unit massof coating solids.5.2 Volatile organic compound content is used to comparethe amount of VOC released from different coatings u
28、sed forthe same application, that is, to coat the same area to the samedry film thickness (assuming the same application efficiency).5.3 VOC content data are required by various regulatoryagencies.5.4 Only the expression of VOC content as a function of thevolume of coating solids gives a linear meas
29、ure of thedifference in VOC released from different coatings used for thesame application.NOTE 4Thus assuming the same transfer efficiency, a coating withVOC content of 3 lb of VOC/gal of solids would release12 the VOC thatwould a coating with 6 lb of VOC/gal of solids.5.5 When VOC content is expres
30、sed as a function of thevolume of coating less water and exempt solvents, the valuesobtained do not account for differences in the volume solidscontent of the coatings being compared: this expression,therefore, does not provide a linear measure of the difference inVOC emitted from different coatings
31、 used for the sameapplication.NOTE 5Thus, a coating with VOC content of 3 lb of VOC/gal lesswater and exempt volatile compounds would release about 85 % less VOCthan a coating with 6 lb of VOC/gal less water and exempt volatilecompounds.6. Nonvolatile and Volatile Content6.1 Guide D2832 includes sug
32、gested time/temperature dry-ing schedules for the determination of the nonvolatile andvolatile content of various types of coatings.NOTE 6For regulatory compliance testing, follow the method andconditions specified in the applicable regulation. Federal ReferenceMethod 24 specifies the use of Test Me
33、thod D2369.6.2 Test Method D2369 includes a specific drying scheduleand sample weight, and heating1hat1106 5C for thedetermination of the weight percent volatile content of solvent-borne and waterborne coatings.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Avai
34、lable from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.D3960 05 (2018)26.2.1 For multicomponent coatings, Test Method D2369specifies the components should be mixed first, then thevolatile content s
35、hould be determined on the mixture. Testspecimens are held in the aluminum dish for at least 1 h beforebaking.NOTE 7Other induction periods are used. See U.S. EPA ReferenceMethod 24.6.2.2 The nonvolatile content of silanes, siloxanes, andsilane/siloxane blends used in masonry water repellent treat-m
36、ents is defined using Test Method D5095. In this standard,applicable to both solvent and water reducible materials, thetest specimen, containing an added catalyst, is allowed to standat room temperature for 1 h prior to heating in an oven at 1106 5C for 60 min.NOTE 8In VOC determinations, for 6.2.2
37、only, the density and watercontent (if applicable) are measured on the test material without the addedcatalyst.6.2.3 The nonvolatile content of radiation curable coatings,inks, and adhesives is defined using Test Methods D5403.These materials contain volatile reactive components thatbecome nonvolati
38、le after radiation curing. Test Method A isapplicable to radiation curable materials that are essentially100 % reactive but may contain traces (no more than 3 %) ofvolatile materials as impurities or introduced by the inclusionof various additives. Test Method B is applicable to allradiation curable
39、 materials but must be used for materials thatcontain volatile solvents intentionally introduced to controlapplication viscosity and that are intended to be removed fromthe material to cure.6.2.4 The volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset weboffset printing inks is defined using Test Method D6419
40、. Thisstandard is based on Test Method D2369, but has tightercontrols for specimen weight and oven temperature. Interlabo-ratory studies have shown this necessary to improve theprecision of test results for these inks. It also allows the use ofink knives or taper knives for transferring the specimen
41、 to thealuminum dish from the sample container.6.2.5 Test Method D6886 is a direct gas chromatographicmethod for the determination of individual and total volatileorganic compounds in low VOC content waterborne latexair-dry coatings. This method is intended primarily for analysisof waterborne coatin
42、gs in which the material VOC content isbelow 5 weight percent. It is the only method for the speciationof VOCs in low VOC content waterborne latex air-dry coat-ings. This method provides a direct determination of weightpercent VOC content, in contrast to the indirect determination(total volatiles mi
43、nus water) of weight percent VOC ofwaterborne coatings presented in Practice D3960.7. Water Content7.1 To determine the water content of coatings two testmethods are available:7.1.1 In Test Method D3792, a paint specimen is dilutedwith dimethyl formamide, an internal standard (2-propanol) isadded, a
44、nd an aliquot of the mixture is injected directly into agas chromatograph.7.1.2 Test Method D4017 offers three options for determin-ing water content by Karl Fischer titration.7.1.2.1 A specimen is dissolved in pyridine or anothersuitable solvent and titrated in the presence of a buffer, 1-ethylpipe
45、ridine. The use of newer non-pyridine titration reagents isalso allowed.7.1.2.2 The water in a latex paint is first extracted intoanhydrous methanol, then an aliquot of the methanol extract istitrated with non-pyridine reagent in methanol solvent (seeAppendix X1 of Test Method D4017).7.1.2.3 The spe
46、cimen is dispersed in methanol solvent usinga homogenizer accessory, then directly titrated with non-pyridine reagent (see Appendix X2 of Test Method D4017).7.1.3 With multicomponent coatings, the components arefirst mixed in the appropriate ratios, then water content isdetermined using Test Methods
47、 D3792 or D4017.8. Density8.1 The density of the paint or coating at 25C is determinedin accordance with Test Method D1475. Although both thepycnometer and weight-per-gallon cup are covered by the testmethod, and the former is more accurate and precise, theweight-per-gallon cup is recommended becaus
48、e of its speedand ease of use.8.2 With multicomponent coatings, first mix the compo-nents in appropriate ratios in sufficient quantity to determinethe weight-per-gallon using Test Method D1475.9. Exempt Volatile Compounds9.1 In Test Method D4457 an internal standard (1-propanol)is added to the test
49、specimen, and then the specimen is injecteddirectly into a gas chromatograph.9.2 In Test Method D6133 an internal standard is added tothe whole paint, and the mixture injected directly into the gaschromatograph.9.3 In Test Method D6438 an internal standard is added towhole paint, followed by solid phase microextraction (SPME)headspace sampling and subsequent injection into a gas chro-matograph.9.4 With multicomponent coatings, the exempt volatilecompound content is determined on the mixture of the com-ponents.10. Calculation of VOC Content10.1 In this practice VO
